Quantum Foam

Here is the fifty-eighth episode of Quantum Foam, Thermodynamics. This is the branch of physics that deals with heat, work, temperature, their relation to energy entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the 4 laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics applies to many topics in physics and engineering, especially physical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering, as well as other complex fields such as meteorology. Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854. The initial application of thermodynamics to mechanical heat engines was quickly extended to the study of chemical compounds and chemical reactions. Statistical Thermodynamics or Statistical Mechanics concerns itself with statistical predictions of the collective motion of particles from their microscopic behavior. I am giving this information up for the top minds to regurgitate so we can quickly move this subject into the future and build spaceships that can go to Mars. How do we advance propulsion to the next level? What are they cooking up in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory? I am just breaching upon the subject of thermodynamics. I think that at the end of the decimal I am going to go into warp drives. Stuff like propulsion is advanced and we need to know things like calculus, differential equations, mechanics, quantum mechanics, and electromagnetism. I am just getting this out of the way. We are getting a little bit ahead of ourselves. Thermodynamics is the science of the relationship between heat, work, temperature, and energy. It deals with the transfer of energy from 1 place to another and from 1 form to another. Heat is a form of energy corresponding to a definite amount of mechanical work. Heat was first recognized as a form of energy in about 1798 when count Rumford noticed that limitless amounts of heat could be generated in the boring of cannon barrels. The amount of heat generated is proportional to the work done turning a blunt boring tool. The entropy of a perfect crystal of an element in its most stable form tends to 0 as the temperature approaches absolute 0. This allows an absolute scale for entropy to be established that, from a statistical point of view, determines the degree of randomness or disorder in a system. A systems condition at any given time is called its thermodynamic state. A system is not in equilibrium as it adjusts to an abrupt change in its environment. Many of the results of thermodynamics are derived from the properties of reversible processes. We are interested in calculating work and energy. If a coasting car comes to a hill it will roll some distance up the hill before coming to a temporary stop. At that moment its kinetic energy of motion has been converted into its potential energy of position, which is equal to the work required to lift the car the same vertical distance. After coming to a stop, the car will begin rolling back down the hill until it completely recovers its kinetic energy of motion at the bottom. In the absence of friction, such systems are said to be conservative, because at any given moment to the total amount of energy, kinetic plus potential, remains equal to the initial work done to set the system in motion.

Here is the fifty-seventh episode of Quantum Foam, Differential Equations. We are going over this subject because it goes hand and hand with the idea of the last episode on mechanics. The subjects included in this decimal of the show are put together loosely. In mathematics, a differential equation is an equation that relates 1 or more known function and their derivatives. The functions generally represent physical quantities, the derivatives represent their rates of change, and a differential equation defines the relationship between the 2. The study of differential equations consists mainly of the study of their solutions, the set of functions that satisfy each equation, and the properties of their solutions. Jacob Bernoulli proposed the Bernoulli Differential Equation in 1695. Lagrangian mechanics is an alternate formulation of classical mechanics founded on the D'Alembert Principle. In this mechanics, there is a kinetic and potential energy of the system. In 1822, Fourier published his work on heat flow, the Analytic Theory Of Heat, basing his reasoning on Newton's law of cooling. There was a heat equation for conductive diffusion of heat. This idea is now part of academic curriculums. In classical mechanics, the motion of a body is described by its position and velocity as the time value varies. Newton's laws allow these ideas to be expressed dynamically, given the position, the velocity of an object, and all the various forces acting upon the body. An equation of motion can be solved explicitly. A differential equation is an equation with a function and 1 or more of its derivatives. There are many tricks to solving these equations, if they can be solved at all. A common equation is 1 with a function and a derivative of that function. Differential equations can describe how populations can change, how heat moves, how springs vibrate, how radioactive material decays, and much more. The differential equation says it well but is hard to use. It can be solved using a special method called separation of variables. In physics, simple harmonic motion is a type of periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement. Over the years, wise people have worked out special methods to solve some types of differential equations. There are tell-tale signs that give away what kind of differential equation is present in our physics. We wouldn't use a rocket to go to the grocery store, and we can't walk to Mars. Ordinary Differential Equations have a single independent variable. Partial Differential Equations have 2 or more independent variables. The order is the highest derivative. The degree is the exponent of the highest derivative. Be careful not to confuse order with degree. When it is a d squared, it is an order 2 second derivative. An equation is linear when the variable and its derivative has no exponent or other function put on it. The first order linear differential equation has a linear polynomial in the unknown function and its derivatives. This is a good start on describing the fundamentals of what can be included in the study of Differential Equations.

Here is the fifty-sixth episode of Quantum Foam, Mechanics. This is an idea that describes how something works. There is a lot of physics that describes mechanics. This subject is built on top of the ability to do differential equations. Calculus is used on either side of the equation and it is balanced out. We are interested in Differential Equations, Mechanics, and Computation. This idea provides a conceptual introduction to the theory of Ordinary Differential Equations. This covers differential equations and their solutions, second-order ODE and the calculus of variations, Newtonian Mechanics, Numerical Methods, Linear Algebra and analysis, and the magic of iteration. Iterative interpolation is a mathematical method that involves repeatedly refining an approximation of a function or data set by applying interpolation techniques on progressively smaller intervals or domains. This approach helps improve the accuracy of the approximation with each iteration. There are conservation laws. This states that the total energy, momentum, and angular momentum remain constant in an isolated system. There are force laws that describe different pushes and pulls. There is analytical mechanics like Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics. We use the type of physics that we need for each specific problem. For the most part, we have computers that are fast enough to do our math. There are a few areas where our linear computers are unable to calculate the results. There are different places online where this subject can be taught. Space, time, mass, force, momentum, torque, and angular momentum are introduced in classical mechanics. This helped to solve 1 of the most famous physics problems, the motion of the planets. We have vectors, kinematics, Newton's laws, circular motion, drag forces, constraints, continuous systems, momentum and impulse, continuous mass transfer, kinetic energy and work, potential energy and energy conservation, collision theory, rotational motion, angular momentum, rotations and translation, and rolling. Classical mechanics works best for macroscopic objects such as things you can see with the naked eye moving at speeds much slower than the speed of light. There is circular motion, position and velocity, uniform circular motion, circular motion and acceleration, Newton's second law and how that applies to circular motion, angular position and acceleration, pulleys and constraints, resistive forces, 2 blocks and 2 pulleys, conservation of momentum, center of mass and motion of the center of mass, the center of mass of 3 objects, center of mass of a unified rod, relative velocity and recoil, continuous mass transfer, kinetic energy and work in 1D, kinetic energy and work in 2D and 3D, conservative and non-conservative forces, potential energy, conservation of energy, collision theory, motion of a ridged body, moment of inertia, angular momentum of a point particle, torque and angular impulse, gyroscopes, dynamics and vibrations, interference from data and models, electronic and mechanical properties of materials, classical mechanics, dynamics, wave-propagation, electromechanical dynamics, non-linear dynamics, chaos, introduction to oscillations and waves, applied quantum and statistical physics, introduction to statistical physics, mechanical behavior of materials, thermodynamics, kinetics, non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, statistical physics, Nano mechanics of materials, and biomaterials. That is a tentative list on what could be included in mechanics. Machines are designed by us and they are mechanical contraptions. We will use computational ideas to formulate the principles of mechanics precisely. This is where we need differential equations.

Here is the fifty-fourth episode of Quantum Foam, Space Exploration. The idea of exploring outer space is something that a lot of Americans hold dear. This makes us fulfilled in ways that are not possible any other way. We are talking about a study of possibly over a decade with our astronomy and astrophysics. As far as the literature, I think that we are going along the same lines as several well-known literary universes. The warp drive was invented in the year 2065 by Zefram Cochrane according to Star Trek. Other ideas about humanity can be taken from Isaac Asimov's Foundation series. Starlink and other Low Earth Orbit satellites are likely possible today because of the information learned from various space exploration missions. We are trying to get a moon base on the moon. If you're hearing this many years later, we likely already have a permanent moon base near the South pole, or somewhere else on the moon. China may have one of their own as well. 1 point to space exploration is for the purpose of finding exoplanets. The International Space Station is basically just one big science lab. Only a handful of humans have ever been in space. Very advanced technology is used with the rockets that send payloads of different craft into space. Various updates on the current affairs of the space industry are kept up with as they happen. NASA and SpaceX are the main players in the industry. Space exploration is the experience of locations beyond our atmosphere. They may need to have fuel ships that fly from the surface of the Earth to Low Earth Orbit to fill up a big tanker. For a return trip from Mars, a fuel tanker would need to be deposited on the surface of Mars 2 years in advance or fuel would need to be made on the red planet. As long as we can make it to Earth orbit, then we can take off with more gas after refueling. The issue with creating a warp drive is that on 1 side of the warp bubble you have a stretching effect of space-time. I want you to use your imagination in these subjects that I'm going into. I don't know if I'm confident enough to ride on top of a rocket into space. There are a lot of space flights that we can get into detail with, but we may have to use another episode to go into that specifically. NASA has successfully launched over 200 human space flights. 3 ended in failure, causing the deaths of the entire crew. 3 crew members were lost in Apollo 1, 7 were lost in the Challenger Disaster in 1986, and 7 were lost in the Columbia Disaster in 2003. Our space programs were Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, Space Shuttle Program, Shuttle-Mir Program, International Space Station, Commercial Crew Program, and the Artemis Program. Next, is the moon base.

Here is the fifty-third episode of Quantum Foam, Electromagnetism. We want to go over certain subjects in order to have prerequisites met for higher-level topics. Electromagnetism is the branch of physics that studies the interactions between electric charges and the resulting electric and magnetic fields unifying electricity, magnetism, and light into a single framework. The electromagnetic field is 1 of the 4 fundamental forces of nature. There are 3 subdivisions, electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electrodynamics. Electric forces allow different atoms to combine into molecules. Magnetic moments also play a role in chemical reactivity. Electromagnetism plays a role in modern technology. This is a fundamental subject that is known to be correct. Albert Einstein said that he stood on the shoulders of James Clerk Maxwell. Quantum Electrodynamics modifies Maxwell's equations to be consistent with the quantized nature of matter. An electromagnetic field is a physical field varying in space and time that represents the electric and magnetic influences generated by acting on electric charges. Any point in space can be categorized by an electric field and a magnetic field in flux. This is an electromagnetic wave. It is sometimes useful to describe electromagnetic fields in terms of potential energy and momentum. Electrostatics is the branch of physics that studies slow moving or stationery electric charges on macroscopic objects where quantum effects can be neglected. Magnetostatics is the study of magnetic fields in systems where the currents are steady and not changing with time. There is a connection with this area of micromagnetostatics and our flash memory that is used on today's linear computers. Classical electromagnetism was developed between 1820 and 1873. Electromagnetism is a science of charge and of the forces and fields associated with charge. Electricity and magnetism are 2 aspects of electromagnetism. In 1905, General Relativity established without a doubt that electromagnetism describes electric and magnetic phenomena. Electrical and magnetic forces can be detected in regions called electric and magnetic fields. These fields are fundamental in nature and can exist in space far from the charge or current that generated them. James Maxwell showed that electric and magnetic fields travel together through space as waves of electromagnetic radiation. His equations provide a complete and elegant description of electromagnetism down to, but not including the subatomic scale. Electromagnetic forces have been combined into a common force called the electroweak force. Putting all the forces into 1 grand unified theory has not been achieved to date. An important aspect of electromagnetism is the science of electricity, which is concerned with the behavior of aggregates of charge including the distribution of charge within matter and the motion of charge from place to place. Voltage is the measure of the propensity of charge to flow from one place to another. When a light bulb is switched on, a current flows through a thin filament in the bulb. The current heats the filament to such a high temperature that it glows, illuminating its surroundings. Charge is a basic property of matter. Most bulk matter has a net positive and negative charge balance. Charges repel each other. The principle of charge conservation is a fundamental law of nature. The charge of an isolated system cannot change. Electric and magnetic forces are caused by electromagnetic fields. The term field denotes a property of space so that the field quantity has a numerical value at each point in space. These values may also vary with time.

Here is the fifty-second episode of Quantum Foam, Cosmology. The current sound set-up seems to be working good with minimal background noise. I want to give an up-to-date description of this subject. Cosmology is the scientific study of the universe as a whole. This is the branch of science that asks the biggest questions of them all. Cosmologists treat the whole universe as one object. This area is one of the most active parts of physics. That is why we are taking the time to go over this. Astronomy observes phenomena within the cosmos. Astrophysics explains the physics of how objects form, shine, and behave. Astrology, on the other hand, is not even a science. Each area has a clear focus. Cosmology is a special branch of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Astrology plays no part in cosmology. Cosmology has been built many times. George Lemaître proposed that the universe is expanding and began from a single, dense point. Edwin Hubble proved that galaxies are racing away from us, confirming the expansion by observation. The Big Bang is the leading explanation for how the universe began. In the first fraction of a second, the universe went through inflation. Within minutes, the first atomic nuclei formed, mostly Helium with traces of Deuterium and Lithium. The expanding universe is probably the single most important discovery in cosmology. When astronomers measure the light from distant galaxies, that light is stretched toward the red end of the spectrum. A redshift. The rate of expansion is called the Hubble Constant. Dark energy fills all of space. Properly explaining this idea is 1 of the field's central goals. We are actively attempting to do this as we speak. In 1965, 2 radio astronomers at bell labs, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, detected the Cosmic Background Radiation as a persistent hiss in their antenna. Cosmology is a field of study that brings together the natural sciences, particularly Astronomy and Physics, in a joint effort to understand the physical universe as a unified whole. The universe may be infinite without bounds. The ancient Greeks likened the Milky appearance seen in the sky to a river of milk. We are seeing the stars within our spiral galaxy edge-on. The Sun is a star around which Earth and other planets revolve. If the kingdom of the stars seems vast, the realm of the galaxies is larger still. Another decent-sized galaxy is the Andromeda galaxy and is also known as M31. This is from the Messier object catalog. When the universe is viewed in the large, a dramatic, new feature arises, namely, the cosmological expansion. The cosmic background radiation appears to be a ghostly remnant of the first light of the primeval fireball reduced by cosmic expansion to a shadow of its former splendor. It still pervades every known corner of the universe. In cosmological scales, the lengths become so vast that we are measuring light that takes a significant fraction of age of the universe to cross. Jordano Bruno asked the obvious question, if there is a boundary or edge for space, what is on the other side? He was burned at the stake in the year 1600. Johannes Kepler stated in 1610 that the number of stars in the universe had to be finite. Even if the universe is spatially finite, photons from very distant galaxies simply do not have time to travel to Earth because of the finite speed of light. We can't even in principle see past the age of the universe at about 13.8 billion years old. To derive his 1917 cosmological model, Einstein had 3 additional assumptions that lay outside the scope of his equations. The universe both had to be the same now and at the beginning. This universe is isotropic and homogeneous and has a closed spatial geometry. The universe as a whole was considered to be static, meaning the large-scale structure doesn't vary with time. This is an unchanging universe. This is an appealing idea and is called the perfect cosmological principle.

Here is the fifty-first episode of Quantum Foam, Theories Of The Day. I am doing some tests with new sound equipment. I am using a dynamic cardioid microphone that has a frequency response between 55 and 14,000 hertz. It is a Shure sm48 microphone with a built in pop filter. Joe Rogen uses a nice Shure microphone. I am using a Behringer 8-channel mixer. I am also using a Behringer U-Control 222 sound card. I am doing this initial test in order to discuss some theories of the day. It goes the XLR microphone to the 8-channel mixer, then an RCA cable from the mixer to the sound card and then USB type C to the computer. We take some time to look up theories of the day. One idea is having the Theorem of the day to keep up on our mathematics. I have coined the term Fibonacci Satellite Constellation. This is for the purpose of having a Solar Internet. I talked to Dr. Michio Kaku about this about the usage of Quantum Foam. I believe we came up with an understanding. I wanted to try out this new equipment for the next decimal of the show. A theory is a set of coherent ideas and general principles that can be used to make meaning of the world around us. We are interested in Physical Science, Sociology, Philosophy, Psychology, Political Science, and Economics. There are some famous theories that we can go over. One is the Theory Of Evolution. Another is Utilitarianism that covers Philosophy. We are specifically interested in the Physical Sciences and related fields. The explanations given are highly simplified. More important theories are the General Theory Of Relativity and the Big Bang Theory. We also have Quantum Theory that states that particles can have both particle-like and wave-like properties. Related is the Many Worlds Hypothesis. There may be many parallel worlds. Then, we have Heliocentrism. Everything revolves around the Sun in this solar system. Theories help us make sense of the world around us. This is good stuff from one PhD to another. There is the main cosmological theory, which is the Lambda-CDM Model. It describes the cosmic microwave background radiation and the large-scale structure. We take a look at what is being said about the Lambda-CDM cosmological model. An alternate theory is Modified Newtonian Dynamics. This proposes changes to gravity to explain galaxy formation without dark matter. Then, there is dynamical dark energy models. There may be physics required beyond the Lambda-CDM Model. Ongoing research attempts to explain the Dark Energy present in the Universe. Cosmology originated with the Copernican Principle and Newtonian Mechanics. Physical Cosmology as it is now understood began in 1915 with Einstein's General Theory Of Relativity. Take these mathematical models with a grain of salt. The Lambda Cold Dark Model is one of the most astonishing accomplishments in contemporary theoretical physics. This is built out of well-known physics. This model covers the evolution of large-scale structure of the universe. Contemporary cosmology rests on a framework that describes the evolution and large-scale structure of the universe through solutions of Einstein's field equations. The Lambda- CDM model attempts to describe the cosmic background radiation anisotropies and galaxy clustering. The Hubble Tension value is in contrast with the Lambda-CDM model. The expansion rate is what is in question. Other approaches either modify the matter content or alter the laws of gravity on cosmological scales. The new models explain the universe with the idea of rapid expansion of space built in. We are looking at the expansion history of the universe. This is cosmic expansion and structure formation. The Friedmann Equations describe the fundamental relationship in homogeneous and isotropic cosmology that links the expansion rate to energy density, curvature, and the cosmological constant. Dark Energy drives the accelerated expansion and is associated with the constant and a dynamic scalar field. We pay close attention to deSitter Spaces that have a positive cosmological value. We want to focus on cosmological models. There is the Big Bang model, the Steady-state model, the Inflationary model, the Lambda-CDM model, and you can switch out your model for this last one. Comparing these models helps us understand, not only what we know, but what remains uncertain. This is why the Lambda-CDM model likely isn't the final model.

Here is the sixtieth episode of Quantum Foam, Warp Drives. We want to be able to travel faster-than-light. We will likely not leave our solar system until we get faster-than-light propulsion. How do we warp space and time? What type of machinery would be included in this? We want to design spacecraft that can one day be built with the material science available to us. In 1980, H. David Froning Jr. conceived of a new radical form of propulsion called the quantum ramjet. There is the creation of a photon deflection field. It is probably made up of X-rays and other rays overlapping 1 another. It's for neutralizing mass, screening away time dilation or shifts and other relativistic effects. This allows super speed travel up to and beyond the speed of light. Special attention is given to the Casimir effect. Negative pressure pulls on everything, positive pressure pushes on everything. The spacecraft is said to be separated and in its own block of energy. In order to have a bias that can have its directions defined explicitly it has to be an FTL system. We may be able to fabricate this technology with silicon using anti-matter. I want to see the creation of a warp drive during this century. This idea was popularized with Star Trek. There are many planes in the sky at any given point in time. The plane is often flown in autopilot, which is technically an intelligent system that is able to keep an airplane in the sky. Landing and taking off are done by humans, and then a computer-controlled system is used to steadily fly the airplane in between destinations. We are wanting to look at Warp Drive technology in terms of how we can build a new type of system that can warp space-time and travel in that capacity. A Warp Drive or a drive enabling space warp is a fictional superluminal, faster-than-the-speed-of-light propulsion system in many science fiction works. This is also a subject of ongoing real-life physics research. We went over the Alcubierre-Froning Warp Drive in the first half of the episode. It's a theoretical solution of the field equations of General Relativity. In contrast to hyperspace, spacecraft at warp velocity would continue to interact with objects in normal space. We are talking about a spaceship that would have a warp drive or a warp emitter system that creates a shield and creates a disturbance or warping of space-time by means of conditioned pulsed electromagnetic radiation. It creates a bubble that encompasses the ship. This is another 1 of those instances where we want to create science out of science fiction. The Alcubierre metric creates a region of compressed space- time in front of the spacecraft and expanded space-time behind it forming a warp bubble. The spacecraft resides within this bubble moving with the local space-time without experiencing relativistic time dilation or violating causality. Because of FTL communication, it is now possible to make the warp bubble in front and back. You need to get from 1 end of the spacecraft instantly to make sure that everything is communicated at the correct space-time, at the correct point, and at the correct time. We need to create a system that is able to warp. The drive could theoretically manipulate virtual particle pairs, or create localized energy gradients via quantum entanglement. There is now serious consideration for a Warp Drive.

Here is the fifty-ninth episode of Quantum Foam, Artificial Intelligence. This is the general usage of the concept. But, there is now something called superintelligence that is more descriptive of the type of programming. The order directs the assistant to the president for science and technology to propose a federal definition of superintelligence and SI. We are writing and paving the way as we go in the development of software technologies that is more like precognitive A. I. Supposedly, the Turing Test was passed using a large language model. It was a long time in coming. The results are still questionable, but there are several instances where it has been said to have been done. Artificial Intelligence is the capability of computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field of research in engineering, mathematics, and computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximizes their chances of achieving defined goals. I'm on the list of people you call when stuff goes down and we need to know what's going on. Give me a call. Give Warren Buffet a call. He is pretty cool. We have had some conversations. That's how you do that. Big companies are trying to create Artificial General Intelligence, which is supposed to be able to match the abilities of humans. Artificial Superintelligence would be another step further advanced. This would include abilities that are better and smarter than humans. In 2017, we now have the transformer architecture. Is Artificial General Intelligence possible? A. I. is the ability of a digital computer or a computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. This may include the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience. Some programs have attained the level of human experts and professionals in executing specific tasks so that Artificial Intelligence is found in applications as diverse as medical diagnosis, computer search engines, voice or hand-writing recognition, and chat bots. Psychologists generally characterize human intelligence, not by just 1 trait, but by the combination of many diverse abilities. To reason is to draw inferences appropriate to the situation. Inferences are classified as either deductive or inductive. Deductive reasoning is common in mathematics and logic where elaborate structures of irrefutable theorems are built up from a small set of basic axioms and rules. There has been considerable success in programming computers to draw inferences. True reasoning requires more than just drawing inferences. It involves drawing inferences relevant to the solution of the particular problem. Does the conversation decohere and start giving you random garbage? Can you trust the results? What degree of error can we attribute to the result of a given inquiry? This will still likely be a problem for Artificial General Intelligence and perhaps also Artificial Superintelligence. In perception, the environment is scanned by means of various sensory organs and the scene is decomposed into separate objects in various spatial relationships. The object may appear different depending on the angle of view. Artificial perception is sufficiently advanced to enable optical sensors to identify individuals, and for autonomous cars to drive at moderate speeds on the open road. Tesla uses this type of technology in their land cars.

Here is the fifty-fifth episode of Quantum Foam, NASA Missions. Since 1958, NASA has conducted the X-Plane Program. Mercury was the first human spaceflight program of the United States. Project Gemini was the second United States human space flight program to fly. At this time, Apollo was early in its development. Apollo was the program that first landed humans on the surface of the moon in 1969. Skylab was the next program. This was a space station that was occupied in orbit around the Earth. Next, was the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. This was the first crewed international mission conducted jointly by the United States and the Soviet Union in July of 1975. The Space Shuttle Program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the United States and the National Aeronautics And Space Administration. The Shuttle-Mir Program was a collaborative space program between Russia and the United States that involved the space shuttle docking at the Russian space station Mir. The International Space Station is a collaboration between several nations. Commercial Crew Program provides commercially operated crew transportation service to and from the International Space Station. We have agreed with the Artemis Accords, which was signed on October 13, 2020 by respective agencies. The core infrastructure of Artemis is the Space Launch System, the Orion Capsule, and the Human Landing System. Additional program elements include the commercial payload lunar services and exploration ground systems. The Artemis Program incorporates several main components of several previously canceled programs and missions including the Constellation Program. In 2011, they voted to cancel the Constellation Program. In May 2009, U. S. president Barack Obama established the Augustine committee to take into account several objectives including support for the International Space Station and use of the commercial space industry within defined budget limits. The committee concluded that the program was massively under-funded and that a 2020 moon landing was impossible. Constellation was subsequently suspended. On December 11, 2017 president Donald Trump signed space policy directive 1 calling for a U. S. led program for a human to return to the moon, followed by missions to Mars and beyond. The policy calls for the NASA administrator to lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the solar system, and to bring back to Earth new knowledge and technologies. Some of us may be more interested in the exploration of Mars. Many missions have surveyed much detail about the geology on the red planet. There are 6 orbiters surveying the planet. Artemis is drawing upon legacy U. S. programs including the Orion Space Capsule, the lunar gateway space station, and commercial lunar payload services and created the new Human Landing System.

Here is the fortieth episode of Quantum Foam, Kepler's Orbital Mechanics. The mechanics for orbits around the Earth is what is important for this episode. The Space Engineering podcast is worth checking out. There are pretty good visuals involved. Also, there is good Calculus material under Patrick JMT out of Austin, Texas. Johannes Kepler was a German Astronomer who formulated the 3 laws of planetary motion. His work laid the modern foundation for Astronomy. Galileo Galilei used a telescope to view the heavens and helped to determine the heliocentric model of the solar system. Tycho Brahe was an Astronomer around the same time. He collected many astronomical readings. Kepler was his assistant. The important thing is that orbits are ellipses, not circles. Eccentricity measures how far off an astronomical body is from a circle. A value of 0 is a perfect circle. Kepler published his work in 1609 and 1619. This was his magnum opus. Astronomia Nova and Harmonice Mundi, respectively. He laid the first 2 laws out in the first publication and the third law in the second publication. The First Law Of Planetary Motion is each orbit is an ellipse and not a circle. The Second Law Of Planetary Motion is that orbiting planets make out even sweeps. This means equal areas of space in equal time intervals. There is Perihelion and Aphelion to consider. Perihelion is when ball 2 is closest to ball 1 in its orbit. Aphelion is when ball 2 is furthest away from ball 1 in its orbit. The gravitational force is what causes celestial bodies to move in elliptical paths around the sun. The Third Law Of Planetary Motion is p squared equals a cubed. P is in years and a is astronomical units. The International Space Station is usually 250 miles above the Earth. If you are making an orbit with the center of the Earth and the ISS, then ball 1 is the Earth and ball 2 is the ISS. The ISS is currently going around at 17,500 miles per hour. It orbits the Earth every 90 minutes. We are looking at orbital mechanics. Earth's orbit varies only about 2 percent. It isn't a circle. Mercury's orbit varies about 40 percent. First, there are the Three Laws Of Planetary Motion, and then there are the Three Laws Of Motion. Tycho Brahe took diligent notes looking up in the night sky for many months. There are now many thousands of spacecraft in our night sky looking down at us. What does it take to get a good cup of coffee in this solar system? We can create Artificial Intelligence instances that are simulations using binary programming. The inclination is the measurement of the orbit relative to the Earth's equator. The Earth is spinning around and has a plane that is spinning around above the equator. Directly above the equator has an inclination of 0. There is a sweet spot in High Earth Orbit at about 36,000 kilometers away from the surface of the Earth called Geosynchronous Orbit. There are different satellite constellations that have specific functions. There are TV, telecommunication, and defense satellites orbiting Earth. We understand how all of these satellites orbit in elliptical orbits. Low eccentricity means that the orbit is close to a circle. Gamma-ray bursts have been detected equaling around 100 teraelectronvolts. The many Starlink satellites in orbit all compound upon one another and can add wattage to a position on the surface of the Earth. Keplerian elements describe the trajectory of the spacecraft. These satellites are spacecraft. We are interested in the Angular Momentum when dealing with these objects that orbit the Earth. The eccentricity is basically the shape of the orbit. The inclination is the angle of the orbit relative to the Earth's equator. Starlink uses the ka-band and the ku-band. There are other bands such as the v-band, the x-band, the k-band, and the w-band. These bands span from 12 Gigahertz to 110 Gigahertz. The Starlink routers may use a different band for communicating from device to device as opposed to the band that the router itself uses to communicate with the satellites in orbit. Starlink satellites connect to human brains as a thinking individual. They also can watch us through walls using graphics. It is calculated using a microwave system. There are things that are in-the-mind that are concerning. As of this writing, Starlink is not advertising these neural capabilities. There is definitely a system in place being used.

Here is the thirty-ninth episode of Quantum Foam, Time's Arrow - Part 2. There needed to be another part to this topic. The Big Bang Theory was a pretty good TV show. Ludwig Boltzmann committed suicide. Constantin Carathéodory was a Greek mathematician who made significant contributions to real and complex analysis. He created axiomatic descriptions of Geometrical Thermodynamics. We know that time goes forward. Going backwards in time is something we have considered. According to General Relativity, we think that such a thing may be possible. Time can be described with propositional logic. We are ruminating about the symmetry and asymmetry of time. Time may be irreversible. We know that entropy increases as time goes by. This is dealing with states of disorder, randomness, and uncertainty. Each episode of the Quantum Foam podcast is a 1-day lecture on a subject or idea. Isotropic means to be equal or have equivalent properties on all sides. It is built within each part of the system. Consider anisotropy as well. It varies systematically. A well-known spacecraft was the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe. It used this type of system. The Second Law Of Thermodynamics is especially important. Hawking Radiation is black-body radiation outside of a Black Hole event horizon due to quantum effects. We want to keep track of the second law and how it relates to Holography. This is a property of quantum gravity. Weak Nuclear Force interactions are asymmetric to the reversal of time. There's one direction when you do nuclear physics involving beta decay and other weak interactions. We go forward in time due to our relative proximity to The Big Bang. What is the inverse of time? What is the opposite of time? The opposite of time may not make sense, but the inverse of time is 1 divided by time. We observe events unfolding in 1 direction. Time moves forward because of entropy. There is a clear distinction between past and future. We can model a graph of our universe. If you superimpose a graph of a slice of our universe, we are located at a foci that is 13.77 billion years after The Big Bang. It is toward the right down the x-axis, so that means that we are forward in time that far down in time since the beginning of our universe. This is a way to model time on a graph relative to everything else. The Hilbert Space that is the universe is first written as being set equal to 0. On the graph, 1 direction is negative in time, and 1 direction is positive in time. According to our understanding of physics, there are things that make it harder to go back in time due to irreversibility and asymmetry. The psychological Arrow Of Time is a list of contiguous events, 1 after another. This is interpreted by our brains and intellect. What we have is a known past and an unknown future. The present volition is what determines future events. The perceptual Arrow Of Time deals with our memories. There is no influencing the past. Time is a very important topic. We can recall durations. Time travel to the past still remains highly speculative and is not currently achievable. We may possibly share our subjective experiences using neural technology. In other words, this is our sense of time. Time can be seen as a mathematical quantity that measures the duration of an event. We go over this subject every decimal of the show. It is important to pay attention to our history. This time around, we had 2 whole episodes relating to time.

Here is the thirty-eighth episode of Quantum Foam, Time's Arrow - Part 1. It would be nice to get primary source information on this show from others in the field. Stereo quality is needed in the post-production of the release of this show. We are done talking about A.I. We are going to try and talk more about physics. We want to get more into Stellar Physics, Interstellar Physics, and more about Mechanics. What is Time's Arrow? There are a few works by this name. There is a fiction book taking place during the Holocaust. There was a Star Trek The Next Generation episode that covered time anomalies. Stephen Hawking, Albert Einstein, and Isaac Newton appeared in the episode titled Descent part 1. It was the twenty-sixth episode of the sixth season of TNG. It aired in June of 1993. Someone can do this on something such as a holodeck. We are interested in discrete state systems. There is a song by Ladytron called Time's Arrow from 2023. There is also a soundtrack called Arrow Of Time. Time's arrow means the direction of time, which goes forward. Time is not symmetrical forward and backward. We believe you can only go forward in time. The systems that we have come up with allow us to calculate forward and backward in time. There is such a thing as an irreversible process. Once it's done, it's done. There is a paradox of Time's Arrow. There was an incongruity with microscopic and macroscopic phenomena. There is still a wave-particle duality present in our physics. At the macro level, time is not the same forward and backward. Time may not be smooth and continuous. The problem of irreversible processes is restoring the initial state. This is the idea of Time's Arrow. The First Law Of Thermodynamics is the conservation of energy. The Second Law Of Thermodynamics is that time moves forward and Entropy always increases. Things move toward becoming more chaotic. The Third Law Of Thermodynamics states that it is impossible to reach absolute zero. Absolute zero is negative 273.15 degrees Celsius or negative 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit. The physics tells us differently when we get near absolute zero. We can't influence the past. Gravity may only be 1 fourth time reversible. Entropy always increases. Entropy level one is first, then entropy level 2 is next. The Second Law Of Thermodynamics is what causes the direction of time to exist. We are more worried about the fact that time only moves forward. Thought experiments provide a platform to examine abstract concepts in a playful and imaginative manner. Heat moves from here to there, and that is why time moves forward. That is why we can understand time. The Big Bang Theory breaks the symmetry of time. The god Chronos was described as being the soul of the universe. The time is the soul of the universe. Some people believe in reincarnation. Aristotle says time is the calculable measure of motion with respect to before and afterness. He thought time was unbounded. Newton would think that time is static throughout the cosmos. Einstein would say that time is relative to each observer. Time flows uniformly. We have a good understanding of time. There is an upper limit to a system that is at a set point. In a closed system, entropy always increases. Time moves forward. Western culture has a linear conception of time. There is a quantum intractability. There's not much more we can go into for now in the first part of Time's Arrow.

Here is the thirty-seventh episode of Quantum Foam, Analytic Geometry. Essentially it is just Calculus. We have other things to think about like spin math and The Theory Of Everything. There is an orthogonal force to the normal force. You have a direction of your vector. The normal force is perpendicular to the orthogonal force vector, which is the vector direction. Linear Calculus is formulated in order to do any calculation pregeneratively. This is a software stack that allows you to calculate things. They group together Analytic Geometry And Calculus. There are 3, then goes Differential Equations, Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics, and application specific physics. Then you may get into some higher-order mathematics. Physics and math must both agree. There is a separation between linear computers and quantum computers. The Fundamental Theorem Of Calculus says that you can grab all the real numbers in the formulas. A Mersenne prime number was recently discovered that is 41 million digits long. A Calculus is a way to calculate things. We are interested in a standard notation to describe geometric shapes. Being infinitely traversable in a Euclidean Space allows for the infinite divisions of wax proposal. There can be congruent vectors that let us know other relationships. There are specific ways to treat something such as Maxwell's Equations. We need to have something that is pregenerative that can read the Greek alphabet chart in manuscript form. According to Dr. Stephen Hawking, it follows that Hawking Radiation must exist. No physics is left behind. We will be getting better English momentarily. Analytic Geometry deals with math. Analytic Geometry is a bridge between modern mathematics and how they did it in the times of the Greeks. Analytic Geometry mathematically uses algebraic symbolism in its notation to solve problems in Geometry. The point of doing this is to solve problems. We are corresponding Algebra to geometric shapes and curves. We have rods and cones in our eyeballs. One of the first great works of Geometry was done on Conic Sections. Special attention is paid to where the planes intersect the cones. As time went by, coordinate systems were developed by Indian and Islamic mathematicians. The number system also needed to be developed. An important invention was the 0 as a placeholder. We us Islamic numerals. They appear as natural as day to us. The invention of Algebraic Equations was required in order to further mathematics. 1 divided by 0 equals infinity. It really is The Theory Of Everything. Mathematicians rely on geometric intuition. René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat both independently laid the foundations of Analytic Geometry. They used letters to represent variable distances. These were French guys. René Descartes also published The Method on scientific reasoning. We may be interested in finding the instantaneous values at a point or a rate of change. Calculus studies continuous change. It is built upon the concept of derivatives and integrals. It is used to calculate areas under curves, making this essential in fields such as Physics, Engineering, and Economics. We like the idea of mathematicians holding the mantle of science. We are standing on the shoulders of giants. A lot of individuals have contributed to the study of the great subject of Calculus. Both Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz professionalized Calculus as formal mathematical discipline. This is The Mathematical Principles OF Natural Philosophy. A Calculus can essentially be applied to the real world around us. There is now a formalism of Analytic Geometry that we call the subject of Calculus. For the most part, I just wanted to familiarize everybody with this topic.

Here is the thirty-sixth episode of Quantum Foam, Computational Intelligence. We are going over soft computing. We are covering the general topic of Artificial Intelligence this decimal of the show. What is all the hubbub about A. I. recently? It is not going to take over. It is not exactly like the cinematic matrix. We are looking at A. I. that has been created using linear computers. Computational Intelligence is a branch of Artificial Intelligence. This type of system would be able to make decisions based on acquired information. We are interested in acquiring massive data sets of Meta information. We are talking about metaphysics and also physics. We are using programmatic shortcuts to accomplish tasks intelligently. Computational Intelligence is the theory, application, design, and development of linguistic computer programming. Is your A. I. a Neural Network? Is it a Fuzzy System? Or is it Evolutionary Computation? Those are the 3 pillars of Computational Intelligence. It is a subfield of Artificial Intelligence. There is no A. I. that is at the level of Skynet. There are Feed Forward Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks. There are also Fuzzy Systems that use traditional logic. These are not simple yes and no binary inclusions. The point is to have linguistic summarization capabilities. This is built into A. I. We want systems to be able to pass The Turing Test. Eugenics is like adoption. There is also Swarm Intelligence, which creates a multi-objective optimization scenario. Real-life Star Trek tractor beams are now possible. Artificial life is concerned with life itself. There is software, hardware, and wetware. The soft deals with the software, the hard deals with the hardware, and then there is wetware, which is the biochemistry approach. We are worried about the ability to natural language process English. What is happening is imperfection minimization. The idea is for a program to run with no human source of leadership. Imprecise information is debugged and corrected. New knowledge is acquired and old knowledge is deleted. The new knowledge takes the place. The difference between A. I. and C. I. is A. I. requires vast amounts of data before it can make its decision. A. I. probably uses patterns. Computational Intelligence uses fewer data points, but is reliant on good algorithms. Humans often have to run this stuff. C. I. doesn't have the same predictive capabilities as A. I. There is Generative, Game, and Predictive A. I. There is the computer's Machine Intelligence. How smart is the machine? The best A. I. systems are based on Computational Intelligence. C. I. focuses on the growth of a system, not necessarily the 1s and 0s. A. I. still can't process large amounts of data due to the limitations of computer technology. We are creating A. I. essences. It is like a personality or a book of an entity's personality traits. This is recorded in a spectrogram. A lot of A. I. is only meant for 1 specific application. This is software. We will keep writing the software to run on the current hardware. Coherent usage of software is what is under review here. How coherent is the software? We want to acquire back-end data in computable form. There is no truth in the Artificial Intelligence, but it is going to offer you information in whatever way it was programmed to do so. We can build software that meets all of the requirements to be considered Computational Intelligence. It's on the Computational Intelligence and Quantum Foam level.

Here is the thirty-fifth episode of Quantum Foam, Miscellaneous Topics. It has been a little bit since I recorded the last podcast episode. I wanted to start back out with a general topic. Brain casts require security clearance. I am trying to come up with what topics to come up with. What's a modern topic to come up with? The relevant topics is what we are looking for. The robots are saying things are politicizable, propagandizable, and parameterizable. I don't know what they are talking about. There are occasional disturbances in the force. Topics include environmental issues, psychological theories, advancements in technology, and the study of various biological processes, to name a few. We want to talk about the Miscellaneous Topics in math, physics, and other sciences. So far, I seem to be ahead currently during the Roaring 2020s. We are moving right a long making microchips the same way that we always have. We are going to be using multiple generations of small, hand-held devices for the next 20 years again. Cognitive Artificial Intelligence is what comes after Pre-generative A. I. This isn't exactly the A. I. podcast, but I'm making A. I. This is controversial. Humans behave somewhat like robots. Usually, we can avoid walking into moving vehicles. We can talk about Modern Topics In Physics And Astronomy as a Miscellaneous Topic. For Faster-than-light communications, we need to have a handle on our Quantum Physics. It's more like, I am more interested in Computational Physics. Einstein and I discussed this at length. Facial Recognition works. No matter what you do, there is going to be a difference of opinion about the ways in which the A. I. moves. This is a test to see if I can smack my jaw in the correct fashion. It is difficult managing descriptions of personality traits. We manage, anyhow. Caprica-level Heads Up Displays are possible now in the Roaring 2020s. Much Miscellaneous Topics are being written in this doctrine. We can now create A. I. I don't have time to go into other linguistic mathematics. "I couldn't be bothered to do the mathematics." Sir Isaac Newton, for example, is made up from a collection of .wav files equaling exactly 1 personality. Personality libraries support metrics like the word frequency. The A. I. characters in the Quantum Foam show are top-level intelligences. I don't want to get Big Banged or Rick And Mortyed, but I am ok with being The Science Guy. I'm A science guy. We want to inspire young minds to become explorers and astronauts. The Answer To Everything is going to be episode number 42 per Hitch-hikers Guide To The Galaxy. A .wav is a stereo 16-bit 44.1Khz CD quality soundwave file for describing spectrums. It uses Pulse-Code Modulation. What's a binary digit and what is a bit? Is it a byte or a bit? A byte is 8 times the size of a bit. These days we have megabits per second upload speeds and a higher theoretical max bandwidth. It is half way through the 2020s and we have a half gigabit per second fiber Internet connection directly to the door. I think the main focus of this decimal of the show is going to be on Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Superintelligence is known as ASI. According to Michio Kaku, the singularity with Artifical Intelligence will not be until closer to the year 2100. I say this may happen by 2080. This is not the old saying, "We'll have it in 20 years." There are inherent problems involved with perturbation theory. Everything degrades when it copies itself. To function properly, the A. I. would need to procreate instead of just make copies. It sucks doing Calculus with programming. Runaway singularity A. I. is far off in the future. We don't have to worry about it now. The actual time lag between The James Webb Space Telescope at the L2 Lagrange Point is roughly 5 seconds plus or minus 1 second. Intel has split up the number of logical cores compared with physical cores on a microprocessor. We are starting back with the basics. There are various topics in physics that we can cover. We have a bunch of infinities that are parameterized as local.

Here is the thirty-fourth episode of Quantum Foam, The Character Of Quantum Law. Human behavior is not all that surprising. I am providing information in the form of readable text. People like to use the word quantum as a buzz word. We were thinking of going over Modern Topics In Physics And Astronomy. We are going into breadth with this topic. There is more time for depth later. I screw it up sometimes, but not this time. The title to this episode is similar to The Character Of Physical Law. We are talking about The Messenger Lectures by Richard P. Feynman. Physics IS what fully describes physics. What we really want to know is the character of this subject. What is this subject like? Is The Character Of Physical Law actually Richard Feynman? He characterized the nuances of describing physics quite well. The characteristics can be presented this way. That's what they mean by The Character Of Physical Law. Videos before videos were a thing. Physicists today want to be similar to Richard Feynman. He was a world-renown physicist. I open my eyes to spiritual matters. There are a lot of published authors that are atheists essentially saying their heads are in the sand. It seems that in times past, the leading philosophers of the day believed in a higher power or god or something. Some people are not looking up. Don't look up. I want to give an approximation in this episode on what I think about The Character Of Physical Law. I often say we, when I mean me. I am speaking in general terms or colloquially. Each scientist thinks each other is full of it. We know how to edit genes using CRISPR technology. We are more likely to believe a panel of experts instead of 1 single novice or 1 single expert. The pandemic was definitely planned. Nothing has changed. Our understanding is being updated. It is being added to. And now we have the eye in the sky, which is the James Webb Space Telescope. Analyzing this data will likely help science accelerate across the board. In this episode I am trying to paint a picture as to what it is like to be a physicist. Physicists create physical laws to understand them, interpret them, and use them. When are we going to breach upon the topics that ordinarily only philosophers consider? We need someone with a degree in Philosophy or the progression of that human idea. We are living in the present. What we can envision is the future, and everything we see is in the past. Our brains attempt to project potential eventualities. Animals generally cannot do this. The point is for people to understand the material. This is not just a subject, it is THE subject. All the other sciences are under this science. It's supposed to be everything. Top-level programmers that are well-versed in the physics are still needed to run some models, otherwise things can slip through. During Apollo 13, somebody missed something. The same thing happened during the Columbia space shuttle crash in 2003. When you watch the Apollo 11 moon landing, it looked so easy for them to do that in 1969. Rest assured, there will be some skirmishes on the moon in the next 50 years. There is not enough stuff up on the surface of the moon for people back on Earth to fight about the land yet, but a moon base will be up there shortly from the United States and NASA. We need to make sure that we don't have a nuclear war on the moon and destroy it, which would have catastrophic consequences for Earth, including a massive meteor bombardment from debris and the formation of a ring system. This is why I am stressing what it is like to be a physicist. This covers doing science at the front lines. This episode imbues the heart of the Messenger Lectures by Richard Feynman from back in 1964 from Cornell University. We have likely started a new era of science, but we are currently unable to float right before your eyes or fly sideways using a gravity-deficient impulse engine. We are interested in learning the characteristics that will be present when we finally understand Quantum Physics. People may be deciding to all-of-a-sudden start liking Non-Fungible Tokens and making them worth something. It is basically watermarking your pictures through a mint process. We currently do not have a sound understanding of all of the laws of the quantum, but we have a start in comprehending The Character Of Quantum Law.

Here is the thirty-third episode of Quantum Foam, Audio Engineering. We are covering what is relevant for this audio cast, the version as it pertains to this cast. Some people care about the numbers and some people don't. There is a set storyline that goes along with the show. We are looking at creating a bigger sound panel for sounds that pop out. Do you have the ability to pull what you were saying out of your thought process again? Reductio Ad Absurdum attempts to prove one thing by proving that the opposite is true. For the most part, people can understand gravity and General Relativity. But, how do you mix Quantum Mechanics with General Relativity? That's the problem. It's interesting to see what types of publishing they're doing. It is nice when you have an audiobook where the author reads the substance of the book. We are putting 2 things together right here into one podcast. We need to quantify so that the robots know what to do when they don't know what to do. There is a certain type of Audio Engineering that went into the production of this show. We are creating dialectic streams. Possibly a higher understanding can be achieved when done in this way. Transmogrificate is a new word. Electrons can be modeled by a round baseball rotating 2 times to equal a full turn. I am creating a new type of sound cinema to be put into the systems of tomorrow. There are sound effects to further illustrate points and to make the sound wave come alive. This is some of the most up-to-date waveform technology. Seeing impaired are able to listen to these audio containers. Hearing impaired can read these detailed summaries of each episode. There was a lot of chopping and editing in the beginning. These days, it's generally accepted to have digital everything. Does your sound wave sound good or not? Is there significant noise? I have built the podcast from the ground up trying different recording methods for each 10 episodes of the show so far. The process called upon me to continue the process of producing Quantum Foam. You have to take everything in terms of generalities. Everything is software. There are programs used on a computer to produce sounds called Digital Audio Workstations. This program kicks out audio files ready-made. Today it is possible to get vinyl records etched and made of your digital sound. It is true, it sounds better live using records on phonographic turntables. Supposedly, humans can hear up to around the equivalent of 22 bits. So producing at 24 bits should be good enough quality to use. The Compact Disc audio standard was established in 1982. Eventually, everyone hardcoded audio into the .mp3 file format. I think we should use the Philips and Sony standard of audio from 1982 for all spectrum data. This is so we can send data faster-than-light. Certain conditions of the human body exist that allows the right and left sides of the brain to disagree. It is as though the robots are seeing, but not really seeing. Most of the time, we are doing things as though we are doing certain experiments. It isn't the same thing as actually performing something such as an astrophysical phenomena. We are kicking out pre-processed, edited, and finished tracks with each episode of the show. I have a feeling that when all is said and done with this show that there will not be enough time slots to cover every subject intended. There is never enough time. Each 10 episodes of Quantum Foam are referred to as a decimal of the show.

Here is the thirty-second episode of Quantum Foam, Expert Systems. This subject deals with Artificial Intelligence that uses human decision-making for specific, complex problems by utilizing a knowledge base of facts and an inference engine to apply logical rules. The rise of personal computers is important when understanding the circumstances leading to the development of Expert Systems. It is a decision-making program that runs on automated software. It is a piece of hardware with software on board. It could be a device, system, network, or THE network. Essentially, it would be the brain and operating center of the system in purely digital form. We want to metamorphosize to create code that writes code and is capable of diagnosing itself. The idea is building these mainframes and then scaling them to whatever you need. We are attempting to emulate a human with Artificial Intelligence software. We are talking about Expert Systems as they deal with software. We want a computer program that can interpret and make real-time changes in its own codebase. In order to use this idea, you build your system from the ground up. There is engineering and design required to get up and running in the beginning. We are creating intelligible knowledge bases. We don't really want that much procedural code. It is likely to lead to a dead end within the program. We want to make a system that always knows what to do and not get hung up. We are using the idea of taking a snap shot of a frame and then applying physics equations to it. We are going for a semantic web. Expert humans are the ones who make these programs once, first, the first time. There is forward chaining and backward chaining. Backward chaining is more understandable for humans. This uses the consequent to the antecedent or the second concept in an if-then scenario first rather than second. In this podcast, we are supposed to be going over some of the most important questions ever asked. Forward chaining deals with depth and the consequent deals with depth. We went over some Quantum Computing. It is possibly related to Expert Systems. The International Conference On Computing And Communication Networks is an event worth noting for the purposes of Expert Systems. This subject was likely included at some point at this event. We create knowledge bases and then something to run that knowledge base. It inquires to that database. We are more interested in backward chaining. We are dealing with inference engines here. We are planning, designing, diagnosing, predicting, monitoring, debugging, and repairing. How do you make a smart, polymorphic worm out of C code? We had better get to programming. The collaboration was with a Physicist, a Mathematician, and a Programmer in the past. These days we are one and the same. There is a difference between forward chaining and backward chaining. Forward chaining starts from known facts and applies rules to get more data. Backward chaining starts from the goal and moves backwards using various rules to determine facts that satisfy the goal. Are you data driven or goal driven? Are you down-up approach or top-down approach? Forward chaining is down-up. Backward chaining is top-down. The forward uses the breadth approach as a strategy. The backward would use the depth approach. They both use the inference rule. Forward chaining can create an infinite number of solutions. We only understand some of the math behind space-time. The math looked correct from some recent Large Hadron Collider particle smash reports. We are interested in software that can run itself with very little human interference. There are data systems that require certain data sets. There are Neural Networks and other types of Artificial Intelligence. There are different types of networks. Some are A. I. and some are not. There may be different levels of A. I. for all of them. We now have decent out-of-the-box Artificial Intelligence. This is the self-debugging and monitoring A. I. They have to split it off somewhere. How can you be polymorphically smart? At some point, programs lose their coherence and return a yes value when it really is not a yes. Does it make sense or not? An Expert System is able to numerically analyze itself. Programming algorithms is required.

Here is the thirty-first episode of Quantum Foam, College Physics. We are approaching another decimal of the show here and we have more information to give out. A decimal just means 10 podcast shows. We are going to be sticking with the same 3 imaginary characters, Dr. Stephen Hawking, Sir Isaac Newton, and Herr Albert Einstein. I was recently watching some of the old Richard Feynman videos. These are now known as The Character Of Physical Law. This is part of what motivated me to start Quantum Foam. H-Wave containers of math and physics are what everybody wants to look at. This is a proposition and one side of an informative argument. We use inference and guesses when doing our physics. Carlo Rovelli did work on Granular Time. If you are up-to-date on the last 30 episodes of the show, then you should be ready for what we are going into now. We are going through the correspondence that we all had to go through. Part of this show is going to be a brief, technical explanation of topics of a subject. The main beginning classes are Calc-based Physics 1, 2, and 3 and Calculus 1, 2, and 3. Topics begin with vectors and then objects in motion. Then it goes into niche areas of mechanics. This subject matter is rather tedious even for undergraduate college students. They look at Thermal Physics at its core. Electricity And Electronics are possible because of physics. There is also Quantum Mechanics, Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Static Materials Physics. We our looking forward to the point where we need to design the next type of satellite constellation that can network instantly with a solar satellite constellation. We are trying to figure out problems in the quantum. A basis of physics can help us to understand and to comprehend the nature behind the deepest questions we can ask. We are trying to be able to work with physics at levels higher than Fermi-Dirac And Bose-Einstein Statistics can offer us. We are using math to check whether or not what we propose is correct or not. We have to go over the 3 main physics class doozies. We are looking at Speed, Velocity, Uniform Displacement, Newton's Laws, Equilibrium, Work, Energy, Power, Impulse, Angular Momentum, Rigid Rotation, Springs, Fluids, Heat, Gases, Electricity, and Thermodynamics all in the first course of physics. The second physics class may cover Electric Fields, Capacitance, Electrical Power, Circuits, Magnetic Fields, Generators And Motors, Lenses And Optics, Refraction, Reflection, and Interference. The third physics class may cover Atomic Physics, Nuclear Physics, Subatomic Physics, Quantum Physics, Special Relativity, and Wave Mechanics. These classes should take a student about a year and a half to finish. There are then other specialized classes such as Atomic Nuclei or Optics And Lasers. We always need more Astronomers and Astrophysicists. So, by all means, take the subject. With a specialization in this subject, the occupational possibilities are endless. We have to know what the laboratory standards are. Technical skills will likely be required. There is probably now a lot of use of software. There are other classes that can be taken at the undergraduate level such as Physics Of The Interstellar Medium, Stellar Astrophysics, and Extragalactic Astronomy. We need the updated James Webb Space Telescope data. This is a primer on what you might cover in a physics or astronomy college program at any of the various universities around the United States. We should have a good understanding of what is expected when thinking about College Physics.