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From the Canaanites to the Oslo Accords, the history of Palestine is a tapestry of empires, faiths, and contested identities. Lucas and Luna guide listeners through millennia of struggle over this small but world-changing strip of land. Explore the Bronze Age city-states of Canaan, the rise of the Hebrew kingdoms under David and Solomon, and the successive waves of conquest by Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Mamluks, and Ottomans. Delve into the birth of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in this sacred geography, the construction and destruction of the Second Temple, the Crusader capture of Jerusalem in 1099, and the Mamluk victory at Hattin. Trace the Ottoman centuries, the emergence of Palestinian national identity under the British Mandate, and the pivotal 1917 Balfour Declaration. Witness the 1948 Nakba, the 1967 Six-Day War, the rise of the PLO, the Intifadas, and the stalled peace process. Through specific treaties like the Sykes-Picot Agreement and the Camp David Accords, and figures from Saladin to Yasser Arafat, the show examines the human cost of a conflict that remains a global flashpoint. This is not a polemic but a deep historical inquiry into how land becomes sacred, how memory resists erasure, and why the past refuses to stay buried. #Canaanites #AncientIsrael #RomanEmpire #ByzantineEmpire #IslamicGoldenAge #Crusades #OttomanEmpire #BritishMandate #Zionism #PalestinianNakba #SixDayWar #OsloAccords #Jerusalem #DomeOfTheRock #AlAqsa #History #WorldHistory #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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While the 1967 war and the First Intifada dominate historical memory, the path to peace was forged in secret rooms in Norway. This episode uncovers the backchannel diplomacy that led to the Oslo Accords of 1993. We explore how Israeli and PLO representatives, working under the guise of sociologists and academics, navigated the treacherous waters of mutual recognition. From the initial contacts facilitated by Norwegian intelligence to the final signing on the White House lawn, we examine the human dynamics behind Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat’s historic handshake. You will learn about the hidden venue at the University of Oslo, the role of Terje Rod-Larsen and Mona Juul, and the intense pressure from Washington to finalize a deal before the US election. This is not just a political summary but a look at the fragile trust required for two enemies to sit down and write a future they both doubted could exist. #OsloAccords #YitzhakRabin #YasserArafat #PLO #Palestine #Israel #Norway #MiddleEastHistory #Diplomacy #TerjeRodLarsen #MonaJuul #WhiteHouseSigning #1993 #FirstIntifada #MutualRecognition #BackchannelDiplomacy #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
While earlier episodes touched on the rise of Palestinian nationalism, this episode zooms in on the clandestine origins of Fatah and the man who would become its most recognizable face. We trace Yasser Arafat’s journey from a student in Cairo to a guerrilla leader in Kuwait, exploring how he built a network that defied both Arab regimes and Israeli intelligence. The conversation examines the ideological shift away from state-sponsored armies toward independent fedayeen operations, highlighting the brutal reality of cross-border raids like the attack on Nahariya. We also look at the internal fractures within the movement, particularly the rivalry between Arafat’s pragmatic Fatah and George Habash’s more radical Marxist-Leninist PFLP. By focusing on the personal dynamics and strategic calculations of these early years, we uncover how a small group of exiles managed to forge a new political identity out of the ashes of displacement. This is not just a story of violence, but of organization, ideology, and the difficult birth of a modern national movement. #YasserArafat #Fatah #PLO #PalestinianHistory #GeorgeHabash #PFLP #KhalilAlWazir #AbuJihad #Nahariya #BlackSeptember #Fedayeen #MiddleEastHistory #ArabNationalism #GuerrillaWarfare #JordanConflict #ExilePolitics #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
This episode shifts focus from the public face of the Palestinian resistance to its covert, formative years in the mid-1960s. We explore how Yasser Arafat and Khalil al-Wazir built Fatah in the shadows, operating out of Kuwait and Jordan while launching the first Fedayeen raids into Israel. The conversation examines the tension between traditional Arab state politics and the new guerrilla ideology, detailing key operations like the Nahariya attack that put Palestine on the global map. We also look at the ideological fractures with George Habash’s PFLP and the brutal internal purge known as Black September in Jordan. Through specific accounts of early recruits, secret communications, and the strategic dilemmas of cross-border warfare, this episode reveals how a marginalized movement became a central player in Middle Eastern geopolitics, setting the stage for decades of conflict. #YasserArafat #Fatah #PLO #Fedayeen #KhalilAlWazir #GeorgeHabash #PFLP #BlackSeptember #Nahariya #Kuwait #Jordan #PalestinianResistance #MiddleEastHistory #GuerrillaWarfare #ArabNationalism #1960sConflict #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
Before Yasser Arafat became the face of the Palestinian national movement, he was fighting a hidden war in the shadows of Cairo and the refugee camps. This episode explores the founding of Fatah in the 1950s, a clandestine organization that rejected both Arab state intervention and the United Nations' reliance on diplomacy. We delve into the early Fedayeen raids across the Green Line, the ideological split between revolutionary nationalism and traditional clan politics, and the brutal internal struggles that shaped the Palestine Liberation Organization. Through the eyes of George Habash and Khalil Wazir, we see how a small group of exiled students transformed from marginalized activists into the vanguard of a revolution, setting the stage for the decades of conflict that followed. #YasserArafat #Fatah #PLOHistory #PalestineConflict #MiddleEastHistory #CairoExiles #GreenLineRaids #KhalilWazir #GeorgeHabash #PFLP #NakbaRefugees #PalestinianNationalism #Fedayeen #JordanRiver #BlackSeptember #ArabRevolt #History #FexingoHistory #Documentary Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
In 1967, the Six-Day War left Palestine fragmented under occupation, yet by 1970, a new force was emerging from the shadows of Jordanian civil war. This episode explores the Battle of Karameh in March 1972, where Palestinian fedayeen fighters, led by figures like Abu Jihad and supported by local Jordanian forces, stood their ground against a massive Israeli incursion. While often debated as a military stalemate or tactical victory, the battle’s true significance lay in its psychological impact: it transformed the fedayeen from scattered guerrillas into a symbol of national dignity. We examine how this event reshaped the Palestinian narrative, shifted leadership dynamics within Fatah and the PLO, and set the stage for the Black September conflicts that would soon follow. Through the eyes of combatants on both sides, we uncover the human cost of this turning point and how the mythos of Karameh continues to influence modern Palestinian identity. #Karameh #Palestine #Fedayeen #PLO #Fatah #AbuJihad #Jordan #Israel #1972 #MiddleEastHistory #GuerrillaWarfare #NationalIdentity #ArabWorld #IsraeliDefenseForces #YasserArafat #BlackSeptember #HistoryPodcast #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
While the Six-Day War reshaped borders, a new kind of struggle was brewing in refugee camps. This episode explores the origins of the Palestine Liberation Organization and the rise of Yasser Arafat. We look at how Fatah emerged from the ashes of the 1948 Nakba, focusing on the guerrilla tactics of the fedayeen and the ideological shift away from traditional Arab state politics. Through the lens of the Al-Shifa hospital family connections and the early raids into Israel, we uncover how a fragmented resistance coalesced into a political force that would define the next half-century of Middle Eastern conflict. #YasserArafat #PLO #Fatah #Palestine #Nakba #Fedayeen #MiddleEastHistory #GuerrillaWarfare #Jordan #BlackSeptember #AlShifa #KhalilWazir #GeorgeHabash #PFLP #RefugeeCamps #SixDayWar #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
Episode 232 examines the critical weeks of late 1947 when the United Nations General Assembly voted on Resolution 181, dividing Mandatory Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. We explore the intense diplomatic maneuvering behind the scenes, focusing on the roles of key figures like Abba Eban for the Zionist Agency and Faisal al-Husseni for the Arab Higher Committee. The episode details the immediate reaction to the vote in Jerusalem and Haifa, highlighting how the proposal was received as both a triumph and a betrayal by different communities. We also look at the breakdown of law and order in the months following the vote, including the Haganah's consolidation of territory and the Arab Legion's strategic positioning, setting the stage for the civil war that would erupt in May 1948. This narrative moves beyond the broad strokes of the Nakba to focus on the specific political and military decisions made during this volatile interregnum. #UNPartitionPlan #Resolution181 #AbbaEban #FaisalalHusseni #MandatoryPalestine #Haganah #ArabHigherCommittee #Jerusalem1947 #HaifaRiots #ZionistAgency #BritishMandateEnd #MiddleEastHistory #1947Vote #PlanDaletPreparation #ArabLegion #JewishYishuv #PalestinianNationalism #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
While history remembers Arthur Balfour as the British Foreign Secretary who issued the famous 1917 declaration, the real architect of that document was a quiet banker named Walter Rothschild. In this episode, we explore how Rothschild navigated the treacherous waters of World War I diplomacy to secure Jewish support for the Allied cause, all while balancing the intense pressure from Arab leaders and Zionist activists. We dive into the secret meetings at his home in Tring Park, the drafting of the letter’s precise language, and the immediate geopolitical fallout in Jerusalem and Cairo. Lucas and Luna examine how a single page of parchment reshaped the Middle East, tracing the personal motivations of Rothschild, the strategic calculations of Prime Minister Lloyd George, and the complex reactions of figures like Chaim Weizmann and Emir Faisal. This isn't just about politics; it is about the intimate, high-stakes negotiations that turned a diplomatic note into a lasting historical fault line. #BalfourDeclaration #WalterRothschild #TringPark #ArthurBalfour #ChaimWeizmann #EmirFaisal #LloydGeorge #WWIDiplomacy #MiddleEastHistory #BritishMandate #Zionism #PalestineHistory #JewishHistory #ArabSpringPrequel #DiplomaticLetters #RothschildFamily #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
This episode examines the April 9, 1948 massacre at Deir Yassin, a pivotal event that shattered Palestinian trust and accelerated the exodus during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. We explore how Irgun and Lehi forces attacked the village, the immediate psychological impact on surrounding communities, and the competing narratives that emerged from both Jewish and Arab sources. The conversation details the role of the Haganah, the broadcast by Dr. Arthur Ruppin, and the long-term historical debate over whether the violence was intended as terror or a strategic miscalculation. We also look at the testimonies of survivors, the involvement of British intelligence, and how this single day became a central symbol in the Nakba narrative. By focusing on the human cost and the political fallout, we aim to understand how fear was weaponized and how it shaped the refugee crisis that followed. #DeirYassin #1948War #Nakba #Irgun #Lehi #Haganah #PalestineHistory #IsraelHistory #ArabIsraeliConflict #MiddleEastHistory #VillageMassacre #PlanDalet #BritishMandate #Jaffa #Jerusalem #RefugeeCrisis #HistoryPodcast #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
In this episode of The History of Palestine, we turn to the six days of June 1967 that reshaped the Middle East. While earlier episodes covered the Mandate era and the 1948 displacement, we now examine the immediate buildup to the Six-Day War. Lucas and Luna discuss the tense standoff along the Jordan River, the Egyptian mobilization under Gamal Abdel Nasser, and the strategic decisions made by Israeli leadership including David Ben-Gurion and Moshe Dayan. We explore the air strikes on June 5th that destroyed the Egyptian Air Force, the capture of the Sinai Peninsula, and the subsequent fighting in the West Bank and Golan Heights. This conversation looks at how a week-long conflict resulted in Israel controlling the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. We also touch upon the United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 and the long-term humanitarian and political consequences for Palestinian refugees and Arab populations living under military occupation. From the diplomatic failures leading up to August 1967 to the immediate aftermath, we trace how these six days created the geopolitical framework that still defines the region today. #SixDayWar #1967War #GamalAbdelNasser #MosheDayan #DavidBenGurion #SinaiPeninsula #WestBank #EastJerusalem #UNResolution242 #EgyptianAirForce #IsraeliDefenseForces #JordanRiver #GolanHeights #MiddleEastHistory #PalestinianRefugees #MilitaryOccupation #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
While most histories focus on the political maneuvering of the United Nations or the military campaigns of 1948, Episode 228 turns its gaze to the industrial heart of Mandatory Palestine in late 1947. We explore the massive oil refinery in Haifa, a facility owned by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company that employed thousands of Arab workers. When management attempted to impose martial law and restrict union activity during the UN partition vote, the workers walked out, halting production for weeks. This strike was not just a labor dispute; it became a flashpoint where class solidarity clashed with rising ethnic nationalism. Lucas and Luna examine how the Haifa Refinery strike exposed the fragility of coexistence, the role of British imperial economics, and how economic desperation fueled the early stages of the civil war. We look at specific figures like the union leader Ali al-Salamah and the company’s desperate attempts to break the strike using both police force and divided labor tactics. #HaifaRefinery #AngloPersianOil #AliAlSalamah #1947Palestine #BritishMandate #ArabLabor #ZionistHistory #MiddleEastHistory #OilStrike #Haifa #UNPartition #LabourMovement #Imperialism #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #EconomicHistory #PalestinianHistory #JewishArabs Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
While the Husaynis dominated the narrative of resistance, a rival faction known as the Nashashibis believed in diplomacy and political negotiation within the British framework. This episode explores the deep-seated rivalry between the al-Husayni and al-Nashashibi families, two powerful Jerusalem clans whose personal and political feud shaped the fate of Palestine. We examine how this internal division weakened the Arab response to Zionist immigration and British policy, leading to the formation of the Independence Party and their eventual marginalization during the 1936 Arab Revolt. Through the lens of Raghib al-Nashashibi and his alliance with the British, we uncover a complex story of loyalty, betrayal, and the tragic consequences of fractured leadership. The episode details key events such as the 1934 municipal elections in Jerusalem, the Peel Commission hearings, and the ultimate failure of the moderate path. By focusing on these overlooked figures, we gain a fuller understanding of the political landscape that preceded the Nakba. #RaghibAlNashashibi #HajAminAlHusayni #NashashibiFamily #AlHusayniFamily #BritishMandatePalestine #IndependenceParty #ArabHigherCommittee #1936ArabRevolt #JerusalemPolitics #PeelCommission #MandatoryPalestineHistory #MiddleEastHistory #ZionismAndArabs #PalestinianNationalism #OttomanLegacy #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
In this episode, we look at the 1948 Exodus through the lens of Plan Dalet and the military operations that reshaped Palestine. We examine the roles of the Haganah, Irgun, and Lehi, alongside the British Mandate's withdrawal. The narrative focuses on specific events like Operation Dani in Lydda and Ramle, and the impact of Resolution 181. We discuss how maps were redrawn not just by treaties, but by flight, fear, and force. Listeners will encounter names like Yitzhak Sadeh and the Arab Higher Committee, set against the backdrop of the end of colonial rule. This is a deep dive into the human cost of political failure. #Nakba #1948War #PlanDalet #OperationDani #Lydda #Ramle #Haganah #Irgun #Lehi #BritishMandate #UNResolution181 #PalestineHistory #MiddleEastConflict #YitzhakSadeh #ArabHigherCommittee #Jaffa #Haifa #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
We trace the intense urban warfare of the 1938 Arab Revolt, focusing on the British siege of Nablus and the tragic death of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam. After years of rising tension under the British Mandate, local leaders organized strikes and armed resistance against both colonial forces and Zionist settlement expansion. This episode explores how the revolt shifted from political protest to guerrilla war, detailing the British military response led by General Archibald Wavell and the complex social fractures within Palestinian society between the Husayni and Nashashibi factions. We examine the specific events of July 1938, including the ambush that killed Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam in Jenin, which became a martyrdom symbol for the nationalist movement. Through the lens of these pivotal moments, we understand how the revolt reshaped the political landscape, leading to the Peel Commission’s partition proposal and deepening the divide between Arabs and Jews. Listeners will discover the human cost of this struggle, from the destruction of villages to the internment of leaders, and how these events laid the groundwork for future conflicts. #ArabRevolt #Nablus #IzzadDinalQassam #BritishMandate #PalestineHistory #Jenin #ArchibaldWavell #HusayniFamily #NashashibiFamily #PeelCommission #GuerrillaWarfare #MiddleEastHistory #Colonialism #Zionism #OttomanLegacy #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #Documentary Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
We trace the political fracture within Mandatory Palestine’s Arab leadership, focusing on the bitter rivalry between the Husayni and Nashashibi families. While Haj Amin al-Husayni mobilized mass resistance against the British and Zionist settlement, Raghib al-Nashashibi pursued a pragmatic path of cooperation with the Mandate authorities. This episode explores how this elite divide shaped policy responses to the 1936 Arab Revolt, the failure of the Peel Commission’s partition proposal, and the long-term consequences for Palestinian national identity. We examine specific events like the 1920 Nebi Musa riots, the formation of the Independence Party, and the role of the British in balancing these competing factions to maintain control over the region during a period of intense upheaval. #HajAminAlHusayni #RaghibAlNashashibi #BritishMandatePalestine #ArabRevolt1936 #PeelCommission #NebiMusaRiots #HusayniFamily #NashashibiFamily #PalestinianHistory #MiddleEastPolitics #Zionism #ColonialHistory #ArabHigherCommittee #IndependenceParty #MandatoryPalestine #JerusalemHistory #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
While we often focus on the conflict between Zionist settlers and Palestinian villagers, the British Mandate period (1920–1948) was also defined by a complex struggle within the Arab leadership itself. This episode explores the rise of the Nashashibi family, rivals to the dominant Husayni clan, and their vision for a constitutional monarchy rather than radical independence. Through the lens of Raghib al-Nashashibi, Mayor of Jerusalem, we examine how internal political fractures, British manipulation, and ideological differences over collaboration versus resistance shaped the fate of Palestine. We look at the formation of the Independence Party, the impact of the 1936–1939 Arab Revolt on moderate leaders, and how these intra-Arab divisions weakened the national movement against both British rule and increasing Jewish immigration. By understanding the Nashashibis, we see a side of Palestinian history that challenges the monolithic narrative of resistance, revealing a society deeply divided by class, ideology, and strategy during its most critical decade. #RaghibAlNashashibi #HajAminAlHusayni #BritishMandatePalestine #NashashibiFamily #HusayniClan #JerusalemMayor #IndependenceParty #ArabHigherCommittee #1936ArabRevolt #PalestinianHistory #MiddleEastHistory #OttomanLegacy #BritishColonialism #PoliticalFactions #ConstitutionalMonarchy #ZionistConflict #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
In this episode of The History of Palestine, we step away from the broad strokes of partition and revolt to examine a specific, often overlooked pillar of British colonial administration: the Special Night Squads. While previous episodes covered the 1936 Arab Revolt and the Peel Commission, we focus on the tactical innovation introduced by Orde Wingate in 1938. We trace his arrival in Mandatory Palestine, his controversial partnership with Jewish militia leaders like Yitzhak Sadeh, and the formation of units that combined British military doctrine with Zionist paramilitary tactics. Through the lens of operations in Lydda and the Galilee, we explore how these night raids shifted the balance of power during the uprising. The conversation details the brutal effectiveness of these squads, the political backlash they provoked, and their lasting impact on both the suppression of the revolt and the future structure of Israeli defense forces. Join Lucas and Luna as they unpack the complex legacy of a man who sought to create 'special police' but ended up forging a new kind of warfare. #OrdeWingate #SpecialNightSquads #BritishMandatePalestine #1938Jaffa #YitzhakSadeh #ArabRevolt #MandatoryPalestineHistory #CounterInsurgencyTactics #LyddaRaid #GalileeOperations #HaganahHistory #ColonialPoliceForces #MiddleEastHistory #MilitaryStrategy #PalestineUnderBritain #ParamilitaryUnits #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
While earlier episodes covered the architectural symbolism of the Dome of the Rock and the legal intricacies of Ottoman land codes, this episode turns to the violent rupture of the mid-1930s. We examine the outbreak of the 1936–1939 Arab Revolt, focusing on the formation of the Arab Higher Committee under Haj Amin al-Husayni and the parallel British response led by High Commissioner Arthur Wauchope and General John Grenfell. Through the lens of key figures like Izz ad-Din al-Qassam and the urban strike movements in Jaffa and Jerusalem, we trace how economic anxiety over Jewish immigration and land purchases collided with religious nationalism. The narrative follows the British deployment of the Peel Commission following the revolt's peak, exploring the political fragmentation that followed and setting the stage for the partition debates of 1937. This conversation avoids broad generalizations about the conflict, instead grounding the analysis in specific events, such as the assassination of District Commissioner Lewis Andrews and the subsequent punitive measures that reshaped Palestinian leadership. #ArabHigherCommittee #HajAminAlHusayni #IzzadDinalQassam #ArthurWauchope #JohnGrenfell #LewisAndrews #PeelCommission #1936ArabRevolt #JaffaStrike #JerusalemUprising #BritishMandatePalestine #OttomanLegacy #MiddleEastHistory #ColonialResistance #ZionismVsNationalism #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #PalestinianHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
In Episode 220, we move beyond the political treaties of the Mandate era to examine the human catastrophe of the 1948 war. We trace the timeline from the UN Partition Plan vote in November 1947 through the collapse of municipal order in Haifa and Jaffa. Lucas walks us through the military operations that led to mass displacement, focusing on specific villages like Lydda and Ramle where residents were ordered to leave at gunpoint. Luna asks about the immediate aftermath and the fate of those who remained. Together, they explore how the refugee crisis was not a single event but a cascading series of expulsions and fears that reshaped the demographic map of Palestine overnight. This episode details the role of local militias, the Haganah’s Plan Dalet, and the sheer logistical chaos that turned hundreds of thousands of people into stateless refugees within months. #1948War #PalestineHistory #Nakba #PlanDalet #HaifaExpulsion #JaffaFall #LyddaRampart #RamleExodus #Haganah #UNPartitionPlan #ArabHigherCommittee #RefugeeCrisis #MandatePalestine #MiddleEastHistory #DemographicShift #Zionism #PalestinianIdentity #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
This episode examines the Nebi Musa riots of April 1920, a pivotal moment when religious pilgrimage in Jerusalem collided with rising nationalist tensions. We trace the events from the Ottoman tradition of the Nabi Musa festival through the British military occupation under General Allenby. The narrative focuses on the role of Haj Amin al-Husayni, the British administration's initial response, and the Shaw Commission's controversial findings. We explore how a traditional celebration turned violent, killing four Jews and five Arabs, and how it set the stage for future conflict. Listeners will learn about the specific triggers, including rumors of Jewish intent to seize the Western Wall, and the immediate political fallout that reshaped Palestinian leadership. This story offers a deep dive into the fragile early days of the Mandate, highlighting the human cost of misunderstood symbols and the complex interplay between religion, politics, and colonial rule. #NebiMusa #PalestineHistory #BritishMandate #HajAminAlHusayni #JerusalemRiots #1920Riots #ShawCommission #Allenby #WesternWall #OttomanLegacy #ArabNationalism #Zionism #MiddleEastConflict #ReligiousPilgrimage #FexingoHistory #HistoryPodcast #JewishHistory #ArabHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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