The Future of Everything

Microbiologist Justin Sonnenburg wants you to know that you – and all humans, really – are not alone. Inside each of us live uncountable bacteria without whom we could not survive. Nowhere is this symbiosis more vital, Sonnenburg says, than in the digestive tract – the gut – where trillions of bacterial collaborators help digest the foods that nourish us. Sonnenburg studies what makes this complex relationship work and how modern life is altering this important chemistry. He says the gut microbiome should be thought of as another organ. When it drifts out of balance, the effects ripple through our metabolism, our immune systems, and our nervous systems. Sonnenburg goes on to explain how dietary choices – like eating more fermented foods and fiber – can rebuild the microbiome, and why the field’s next frontier could help alleviate chronic disease. “It really is a full-body impact that our microbes are having,” Sonnenburg tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu. Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Justin Sonnenburg Learn more about the Sonnenburg Lab Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Justin Sonnenburg, a professor of microbiology and immunology at Stanford University. (00:03:08) Path into Microbiome Research How Sonnenburg became interested in the friendly microbes that live in and on the body. (00:04:26) Bacteria as Partners What are gut bacteria and how do they function in our bodies? (00:06:23) Full-Body Effects How gut microbes affect metabolism, immunity, and the brain. (00:08:27) Industrialized Microbiomes What does it mean that the gut microbiome has been “industrialized”? (00:12:08) Feeding the Microbiome Why is fiber important for gut health? (00:15:59) Fiber Response Study results from Stanford reflecting individual responses to fiber. (00:17:14) Fermented Foods How foods like yogurt, kimchi, sauerkraut, and kombucha can support microbiome diversity. (00:20:36) Microbiome Therapeutics How diet and microbial interventions could improve health. (00:23:00) Food, Equity, and Access Why microbiome health may require practical tools that work beyond major diet changes. (00:24:02) Sharing Microbes How social environments, diet, and exposure may influence the microbes people acquire. (00:25:30) Precision Health How the microbiome could help tune immunity, metabolism, and disease treatment. (00:27:32) Women’s Health Why reproductive health and women’s health are promising areas for microbiome research. (00:28:33) Stanford Microbiome Research How Stanford researchers are building interdisciplinary tools, tests, and therapies for microbiome science. (00:30:36) Future In a Minute Rapid-fire Q&A: microbiome health, daily decisions, and reversing Western disease trends. (00:33:04) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

As kids head back to school this month, we're re-releasing a conversation with cognitive scientist Michael Frank on the future of language learning. Michael studies the similarities and differences in how children and AI systems learn language. He’s working to understand what accounts for the “data gap” between how efficiently children learn language from relatively little input, compared to how much data AI systems need. His goal is to build better scientific models of human language acquisition and to inform how AI systems might learn in more human-like ways. Whether you’re parenting an infant or toddler who is learning to talk or you're simply curious about how language learning unfolds for people across languages and cultures, this one's a great listen. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu. Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Michael Frank Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces this episode with Michael Frank, a professor of biology, psychology and linguistics at Stanford University. (00:02:05) AI and Child Language Learning How AI language learning and child language learning differ. (00:05:23) WordBank and Big Data How large language databases are helping researchers study child language development across cultures. (00:08:04) Learning Across Languages How children learn many different languages through broadly similar developmental processes. (00:08:57) Babbling and Early Speech How babies begin exploring the sounds and signs of their language. (00:10:04) Multimodal Learning How SAYCam & BabyView capture multimodal language learning (00:13:12) Language as a Social Tool How social cues help children break the code of language. (00:15:12) Learning from Others How children track uncertainty and seek help from social partners. (00:18:05) ManyBabies How a global research consortium studies child development across cultures and communities. (00:20:11) Global Development Research Why large-scale international collaboration is valuable but difficult to fund. (00:21:36) Pragmatics How children learn to infer meaning beyond the literal words people say. (00:23:21) AI, Intent, and Common Sense Why pragmatics matters for building AI systems that understand human intent. (00:24:21) Reading to Children Why books can support language learning through shared attention and rich social interaction. (00:26:38) Early Language Exposure Why it is never too early to interact with babies through language. (00:27:53) Multilingual Children How children can learn multiple languages with few negative consequences. (00:30:35) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Jackelyn Hwang is an expert on the social dynamics of cities. In one line of research, she combines AI and Google Street View to measure quality-of-life factors – such as trash, blight, new construction, and the pace of recovery from climate disasters – to analyze gentrification, racial equity, and overall resident well-being. Her work has shown, for instance, that predominantly Black neighborhoods are last and slowest to gentrify and that displaced Black residents often end up in worse neighborhoods. She recently worked with policymakers at the housing department of Oakland, California, on anti-displacement and anti-homelessness programs and is now working with policymakers across the Bay Area to strengthen neighborhoods. We are clearing a path to more stable communities for everyone, Hwang tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu. Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Jackelyn Hwang Learn more about Jackie's work on housing instability in Oakland Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Jackie Hwang, a professor of sociology at Stanford University. (00:02:53) Path into Urban Sociology How Hwang’s experiences near Philadelphia shaped her interest in cities, inequality, and neighborhood change. (00:04:56) The 21st-Century American City How gentrification, immigration, crime, education, housing, and climate change are reshaping cities. (00:08:03) Defining Gentrification How sociologists understand gentrification as a class-based transformation of neighborhoods. (00:10:02) Studying Gentrification Why race, segregation, and neighborhood inequality complicate simple stories of urban renewal. (00:11:50) Displacement and Instability Why gentrification does not always increase moving rates, but still affects where people end up. (00:14:48) Policy and Anti-Displacement How Hwang’s research informs local policy, housing strategy, and homelessness prevention. (00:18:10) Measuring Neighborhood Change How technology can help researchers study changing neighborhoods at scale. (00:18:55) Google Street View and Cities How Street View opened new ways to observe gentrification and neighborhood conditions. (00:20:36) Computer Vision for Urban Research How AI and computer vision are being used to analyze neighborhood conditions. (00:21:53) What Neighborhoods Reveal How visible signs like trash, blight, vacant lots, and construction signal neighborhood change. (00:23:10) Eye Tracking and Perception How researchers study what people notice in neighborhoods and how those cues affect stress. (00:24:09) Climate Change and Recovery How disasters can widen neighborhood inequality through uneven rebuilding and abandonment. (00:26:14) Neighborhoods and Wellbeing How better measurements of neighborhood conditions could guide interventions for safer, more stable communities. (00:28:00) Future In a Minute Rapid-fire Q&A: affordable housing, neighborhood change, and better urban data. (00:29:32) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Today, we're re-releasing my conversation with psychiatrist Anna Lembke on the future of addiction. Whether its substances, screens, or work itself, addiction in some form touches nearly all of our lives either directly or through someone we care about. Anna breaks down the dopamine mechanisms behind addiction of all kinds, from opioids to social media to, in her own case, romance novels, and shares what actually works in recovery, including exercise and structured abstinence. Whether you're thinking about screen habits, substance use, or just how to build healthier routines, this one's well worth another listen. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu. Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Anna Lembke Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces Anna Lembke, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University. (00:01:52) Defining Addiction Why addiction involves compulsive use despite harm, even when the behavior seems ordinary. (00:03:31) Romance Novels and Harm How Lembke’s own reading habit became a case study in subtle addiction. (00:05:49) Dopamine and the Addicted Brain What repeated dopamine spikes do to reward pathways and withdrawal symptoms. (00:08:34) Seeing the Problem How naming a compulsive habit can make it visible and open the door to change. (00:10:34) Addiction Medicine Today How the opioid epidemic changed medical training and addiction awareness. (00:12:48) Russ Altman’s “Addictions” Russ details his own dopamine habits for the audience. (00:14:37) Exercise and Hormesis Why movement, effort, and discomfort can help restore healthier dopamine patterns. (00:17:22) Dopamine Fasting The self-intervention Dr. Lembke used & her potential cross-addictions. (00:21:22) Vulnerability to Addiction Why genetic risk, family history, and drug of choice shape addiction vulnerability. (00:22:53) The Opioid Epidemic How prescription opioids, heroin, and fentanyl shaped three waves of crisis. (00:24:51) Fentanyl and Overdose Risk Why counterfeit pills and fentanyl exposure can be lethal even for new users. (00:26:28) Treating Opioid Addiction Why medications like methadone and buprenorphine help restore stability. (00:28:17) The Future of Addiction Why Lembke sees addiction as a long-term challenge across drugs, media, and food. (00:29:22) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Psychologist Russ Poldrack is a mind reader of sorts, but not in the traditional sense of the word. Instead, he makes movies of blood flow in the brain using functional MRI to draw insights into the function of specific regions of the brain to decipher how they control behavior. In one example, Poldrack has shown how people with obsessive-compulsive disorder have enhanced “salience networks” that turn on when surprising things happen. This finding could have “very profound” outcomes in diagnosis and treatment, Poldrack tells host Russ Altman in this wide-ranging exploration of the implications and the ethics of functional neuroimaging on Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu. Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Russ Poldrack Poldrack Lab website: http://poldracklab.org The MyConnectome project: https://www.myconnectome.org/ Stanford Center for Open and Reproducible Science: https://datascience.stanford.edu/cores Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Russ Poldrack, a professor of psychology and of psychiatry and behavioral science at Stanford University. (00:03:15) Path into Neuroimaging How Poldrack moved from cognitive psychology into functional MRI research. (00:04:18) Functional MRI How MRI can be used to track brain activity. (00:06:59) Mapping Brain Activity How tasks and behaviors are linked to patterns of brain activation. (00:08:02) Resting Functional MRI How resting scans revealed large-scale brain networks. (00:09:00) Brain Networks and Behavior How the brain controls stopping, switching, and habits. (00:10:34) Layers of Brain Organization Why neuroimaging studies the brain across multiple scales. (00:13:04) Individual Brain Differences How shared brain networks vary across individuals. (00:13:34) Scanning Himself Why Poldrack repeatedly scanned his own brain. (00:15:47) Mapping One Brain Deeply How repeated scans revealed reliable individual brain patterns. (00:18:59) Neuroimaging and Mental Health How brain network differences may relate to depression and OCD. (00:21:42) Reproducibility in Brain Imaging How larger and deeper data sets improve reliability. (00:24:51) Analytic Variability Why the same data can produce different conclusions. (00:26:39) Multiverse Analysis How testing many analyses helps identify stable findings. (00:27:55) Open Science How data sharing and standards improve transparency. (00:30:29) Privacy and Brain Data How researchers protect participants when sharing neuroimaging data. (00:32:17) Future In a Minute Rapid-fire Q&A: neuroimaging, reproducibility, and AI in science. (00:33:22) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Prior to becoming an anesthesiologist, Alyssa Burgart trained in bioethics. She now counts herself among a growing number of certified clinical bioethicists who help doctors, nurses, patients, and their families handle ethically complex medical decisions at the bedside. Bioethicists are critical to care, Burgart argues, helping patients facing difficult choices to clarify personal values and weigh a complex array of risks and benefits, as well as emotions and familial, cultural, and religious norms. While much of her work is in pediatrics and maternal-fetal cases, she also studies how moral distress and moral injury impact clinicians, contributing to burnout among doctors and nurses. Having a strong ethical community brings resilience to these challenging environments, Burgart tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu. Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Alyssa Burgart Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Alyssa Burgart, a professor of anesthesiology and perioperative pain at Stanford University. (00:03:16) Path into Bioethics & Anesthesiology How Burgart became a bioethicist and then chose anesthesiology. (00:05:18) What Bioethics Means How bioethics helps connect medical decisions to values, risks, and benefits. (00:07:03) Making Hard Decisions Manageable How ethics consultation helps clinicians act with integrity. (00:08:33) Ethics Consults A detailed explanation of hospital ethics services (00:12:23) Pediatric Ethics Examples of Dr. Burgart’s work with children, families, and clinicians (00:15:45) Culture, Faith, and Trust Navigating cultural and religious differences as a bioethicist. (00:17:57) Family Decision-Making How ethics consultants help families and care teams honor a patient’s voice. (00:21:55) Moral Injury What is moral injury and how do clinicians specifically experience it? (00:24:52) Institutional Betrayal Why barriers like policies, laws, and denied approvals can create moral strain. (00:26:37) Moral Distress What is moral distress and how does it manifest itself in healthcare. (00:28:28) Moral Residue When clinicians experience repeated moral strain and cannot recover between incidents. (00:29:33) Treating Moral Injury & Distress Strategies for helping clinicians manage these parts of their work. (00:33:54) Future In a Minute Rapid-fire Q&A: clinical bioethics, human dignity, and moral resilience. (00:36:15) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

These days, AI is everywhere, and it’s increasingly hard to separate the gains from the slop. With that in mind, we're re-releasing my conversation with Stanford Law professor Daniel Ho on the future of AI and the law. When we look for applications where AI can deliver measurable benefit, the legal profession stands out, both for its potential gains in efficiency and equity, and for how much is at stake if we get it wrong. Dan's research — from using AI to identify racist property covenants buried in county deed records, to mapping obsolete regulations that waste thousands of hours of government time — shows what's possible when the technology is applied with rigor and purpose. If you’re curious about how AI can serve both justice and good governance, this one is well worth another listen. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu. Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Dan Ho Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Dan Ho, a professor of law, political science, and computer science at Stanford University. (00:02:19) Path into Legal AI How Ho’s background shaped his interest in law, and technology. (00:03:35) What Lawyers Do What makes law a complex domain for AI. (00:05:28) Legal Hallucinations When AI performs well and when it fails. (00:07:52) Searching Legal Records in California How AI can help identify outdated, harmful, or legally important material. (00:10:28) Scaling Redaction How a model accelerated a process that overwhelmed county recorder offices. (00:13:04) Legal Reform at Scale How AI has supported legal reform by scanning massive bodies of law. (00:15:02) STARA & The City of San Francisco How AI was used to go through San Francisco’s code and clean up reporting. (00:20:53) Outdated Obligations How “regulatory sludge” takes the time & resources of the public service (00:25:02) Open vs. Closed AI The differences and associated risks of the different AI systems. (00:30:58) Legal Chatbots Why legal chatbots are promising but risky. (00:33:42) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Dr. Karen Adams, obstetrician/gynecologist and Farwell Family Director of the Stanford Program in Menopause and Healthy Aging, studies menopause and, perhaps more importantly, perimenopause – the critical years preceding it. During this time, hormone-related symptoms like mood instability, sleep disruption, hot flashes, and joint pain can be severe even though periods continue. Adams explains that perimenopausal symptoms are often misdiagnosed and improperly treated. She says hormonal therapies are safe and effective in perimenopause and menopause, and can even have heart and bone benefits. “Menopause is inevitable, but suffering is not,” Adams tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu. Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Karen Adams Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Karen Adams, a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Stanford University. (00:02:11) Path into Menopause Medicine How Adams built one of the first clinical programs focused on women over 40. (00:04:19) Menopause and Perimenopause What menopause is and how the hormonal transition often begins years earlier. (00:06:19) Beyond Hot Flashes The wide range of symptoms that can appear during perimenopause. (00:11:09) Pregnancy Risk During Perimenopause Why contraception can still matter until a full year without a period. (00:11:11) Unpredictable Symptoms Why perimenopausal symptoms can be harder to recognize than PMS. (00:13:37) Hormone Therapy How treatment differs during perimenopause and after menopause. (00:22:57) The Women’s Health Initiative What the landmark hormone therapy study showed. (00:27:53) Sexual Health and Vaginal Estrogen Why local estrogen can safely treat genitourinary symptoms for many women. (00:30:36) Future In a Minute Rapid-fire Q&A: menopause care, women’s health, and better clinical support (00:32:58) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Biochemist Suzanne Pfeffer is an expert on the molecular roots of Parkinson’s disease. Her work focuses on mutated proteins linked to Parkinson’s risk. She’s discovered, for instance, that drugs inhibiting one of the proteins can help neurons regrow primary cilia and stave off cell death, reversing disease progression. Since similar drugs are in clinical trials, her findings bring great hope for people with a subtype of Parkinson’s and hopefully can be linked to earlier detection through warning signs like REM sleep disruptions and loss of smell. “This is precision medicine,” Pfeffer tells host Russ Altman of the future of Parkinson’s disease on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu. Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Suzanne Pfeffer Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Suzanne Pfeffer, a professor of biochemistry at Stanford University. (00:03:25) Path into Parkinson’s Research How Pfeffer’s protein work led to a life-changing work on Parkinson’s disease. (00:05:28) Parkinson’s Primer The various causes and the effects of the disease on the brain and body. (00:10:26) Lewy Bodies and Dementia How Lewy bodies, synuclein, and dementia relate to Parkinson’s disease. (00:11:56) Molecular Trafficking Pfeffer breaks down the effects of LRRK2 and GBA mutations in the brain. (00:16:10) Early Disease Changes Some of the early changes in the body and how they show up as symptomatically. (00:20:04) Current Treatments The limitations of symptom-focused treatments. (00:21:46) Treating Earlier Opportunities for slowing or reversing disease progression when detected earlier. (00:22:32) Targeting LRRK2 Current research on disease treatment & trial challenges. (00:27:33) The Value of Basic Science Why curiosity-driven research can unexpectedly lead to disease breakthroughs. (00:29:33) Future In a Minute Rapid-fire Q&A: biomarkers, brain donation, and better Parkinson’s treatments. (00:31:52) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Law professor Julian Nyarko has drawn attention for his studies using large language models to investigate and improve legal education and explore AI’s biases. He hopes AI can become a reliable, always-on legal learning and assistance tool to lower costs and expand access to legal services. In one recent study, he asked a group of law professors to evaluate written answers to student questions. Three-quarters of the time, the professors preferred AI-generated answers to those of their human colleagues. “AI is good at law,” Nyarko says, the challenge now is to use it most effectively, he tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu. Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Julian Nyarko Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Julian Nyarko, a professor of law at Stanford University. (00:02:31) Path into AI and Law How Nyarko’s early work led him to legal AI. (00:05:03) Law, Economics, and Computation How Nyarko’s training, methods, and self-taught coding shaped his research. (00:07:23) Building the LIFT Lab Why a law professor started a lab. (00:09:06) Evaluating Legal AI How AI raises fundamental questions about what counts as good lawyering. (00:10:22) Improving Legal Services Using AI to work faster, reduce errors, and make informed decisions. (00:10:57) Rethinking Legal Education How AI may change the way future lawyers learn (00:11:51) AI in Office Hours How AI answers law students’ questions compared with human professors. (00:15:18) Surprising Results Why AI answers were often preferred (00:16:16) What the Study Shows The findings support AI tutoring, but don’t prove AI improves learning. (00:18:48) Limits of One-Shot Answers Why real teaching often depends on dialogue, clarification, and productive struggle. (00:20:59) AI for Social Science How AI can become both an object of study and a tool. (00:22:43) Research Agents Using AI to test claims and make previously impossible research scalable. (00:24:51) Agentic AI in the Lab How Socratic dialogue with AI can sharpen research ideas. (00:26:07) Fairness and Bias How computational tools can be audited for bias and used to audit decision-making. (00:27:29) Discrimination in Models Exploring bias and how it can be reduced. (00:30:16) Disparate Impact How policies and systems disadvantage groups even without explicit intent. (00:32:53) From Evidence to Policy How Nyarko’s lab works with stakeholders to surface disparities. (00:34:49) Future In a Minute Rapid-fire Q&A: justice, talent, and the future of legal AI. (00:36:57) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In the western United States and Canada, this time of year is the beginning of peak wildfire season, a reality that's become impossible to ignore. In light of this, we're re-releasing my conversation with energy and climate policy expert Michael Wara on the future of wildfire management. Michael walks us through how we got here, why fires are burning bigger and more frequently, and what a smarter, more proactive approach to managing our landscapes might look like. Whether you're in a fire-prone region or simply paying attention to the changing climate around you, this one is well worth another listen. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu . Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Michael Wara Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Michael Wara, a wildfire expert and professor of law at Stanford University. (00:02:05) Journey to Wildfire Research How Michael’s clean energy work led to wildfire research. (00:03:36) Communities at the Frontlines The community-level challenges and responsibilities in fire prevention. (00:05:53) Shifting Community Perspectives How awareness is rising but state efforts remain misaligned. (00:08:17) Legacy Homes, Modern Risk Why older homes pose a major risk and retrofitting is crucial. (00:09:55) Utility-Led Safety Limitations The significant but insufficient progress utilities have made. (00:13:23) Targeting High-Risk Areas How utilities now prioritize high-risk areas for safety upgrades. (00:14:30) Insurance Industry Realities Why insurers can't price risk without crashing markets. (00:17:19) Urban Wildfires How today's major fires in suburbs are mostly fueled by homes. (00:22:12) The Climate Change Multiplier The impact of atmospheric dryness and fuel moisture on fire risk. (00:24:45) New Fire Regulations Recent mandates that have been implemented to decrease fire risk. (00:28:17) Rethinking Wildfire Communication Why better messaging is key to changing homeowner behavior. (00:31:52) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

“Stories … are powerful tools that can help us make sense of our lives,” says physician-scientist Maya Adam . She now combines visual storytelling and health education to create animations that go beyond the barriers of language and culture to convey important health messages. The subject matter ranges from vaccine acceptance and addiction to mental health and nutrition. These emotionally engaging narratives – often without a single spoken word – are more effective than traditional pamphlets and lectures, Adam says. Visual stories have the potential to achieve “near-universal understanding” that can support better health outcomes, she tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu . Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Maya Adam Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Maya Adam, a professor of pediatrics and infectious disease from Stanford University. (00:03:43) From Ballet to Medicine How Adam’s background shaped her approach to health education. (00:05:02) Why Stories Work Why lived experience makes evidence-based health recommendations more meaningful. (00:06:17) The Story Creation Process Adam’s techniques for creating effective scalable health stories on any topic (00:09:20) Real World Stories Adam shares some particularly challenging topics the team has created stories for (00:11:10) Global Accessibility Designing stories and characters that can resonate across cultures and contexts. (00:12:38) Measuring Impact Using technology to run trials to test and measure impact (00:15:23) Iterating the Message Adapting and changing approaches to create the most effective message (00:17:53) AI and Storytelling How AI is beginning to affect health communication and creative production. (00:19:45) Testing Human vs. AI Art A trial comparing responses to human-created and AI-generated health storytelling. (00:25:42) Human-in-the-Loop AI How AI may best support artists and clinicians by reducing burden rather than replacing (00:27:43) Future In a Minute Rapid-fire Q&A: stories, collaboration, media, and the future of health communication. (00:29:44) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

The World Cup is here, and while we watch some of the world's greatest athletes competing on a global stage, it's fascinating to consider what effect this intense activity may have on the human body. With that in mind, we're re-releasing our conversation with Stanford biochemist Jonathan Long on the future of exercise. Jonathan studies the chemistry of what happens inside your body when you move, and his findings are pointing toward some genuinely surprising possibilities — including treatments for obesity, diabetes, and even, someday, an exercise pill. If the athleticism on the pitch has you feeling inspired, this one is well worth another listen. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu . Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Jonathan Long Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Jonathan Long, a professor of pathology from Stanford University. (00:02:02) Effective Weight Loss Drugs The history and development of GLP-1 receptor agonists. (00:04:04) Understanding Metabolism and Exercise Why Long’s lab starts with molecules to understand metabolism and physical activity. (00:05:10) Animal Models in Exercise Studies The use of animal models in exercise studies and the discovery of Lac-Phe. (00:06:47) Psychological Preparation for Exercise The psychological aspects of exercise and the involvement of endocannabinoids in exercise motivation. (00:09:00) Lac-Phe's Role and Mechanism The role of Lac-Phe and its production in the gut. (00:12:08) Differences in Exercise Response Differences in exercise response between trained athletes and untrained individuals. (00:12:57) Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases The relationship between diabetes, exercise, and metabolic diseases. (00:15:01) Lac-Phe as a Potential Therapeutic The potential of Lac-Phe as a weight loss drug, and parallels to GLP-1 drug development. (00:16:21) Importance of How Weight is Lost Whether the method of weight loss matters, and the importance of preserving lean muscle mass. (00:18:37) Exercise as Medicine The concept of exercise as medicine, and defining physical activity at the same resolution as modern medicines. (00:22:11) Metformin and Exercise Pathways The unexpected connection between metformin and the Lac-Phe pathway. (00:24:01) Prospects of an Exercise Pill The future of an exercise pill, and the challenges associated with its development. (00:27:05) Conclusion Final thoughts on the future of exercise. Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Professor of ophthalmology Daniel Palanker is a physicist who has combined his skills in optics and electronics to create PRIMA – the Photovoltaic Retinal Implant. Inserted beneath the retina, it restores vision to patients blinded by retinal degeneration, allowing them to read and write – and with the next-generation software, to recognize faces. PRIMA’s photovoltaic pixels act like tiny solar panels, converting light into electricity to stimulate the remaining retinal neurons. Better yet, the growing field of brain-computer interfaces may have implications beyond ophthalmology. “Unlike medicine, where the road ends with curing a disease or restoring lost function, the prospects for brain-machine interfaces may be infinite,” Palanker tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu . Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Daniel Palanker Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Daniel Palanker, a professor of ophthalmology and electrical engineering at Stanford University. (00:03:17) Path into Ophthalmology How Palanker’s background in physics and optics led him to vision research. (00:04:33) How Vision Works A primer on the eye, retina, photoreceptors, and the neural code of sight. (00:08:50) Retinal Degeneration How diseases like macular degeneration and inherited retinal disorders damage vision. (00:13:18) The PRIMA Implant How a photovoltaic retinal implant converts light into electrical stimulation. (00:15:05) Augmented Reality Glasses How camera-equipped glasses amplify and project images to power the implant. (00:17:42) From Reading to Face Recognition Why grayscale vision is the next step toward recognizing faces. (00:20:18) Implanting the Device How the wireless chip is placed under the retina and powered by light. (00:21:45) Replaceable Vision Technology How future generations of implants could be swapped in for higher resolution. (00:22:28) Limits of Resolution Why geometry and proximity to neurons determine how small pixels can get. (00:24:00) Moving to 3D Electrodes How pillar-shaped electrodes help neurons move closer to the implant. (00:26:28) Clinical Path Forward The status of European trials, FDA discussions, and future patient access. (00:28:10) Safety and Real-World Use What trials reveal about surgical risks, durability, and patients using implants at home. (00:30:11) Future In a Minute Rapid-fire Q&A: neural coding, brain-machine interfaces, and restoring vision. Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Engineer Aaron Lindenberg is an expert in the ways atoms and electrons move through materials. He uses X-ray “flash photography” to make movies of atoms moving at ultrafast speeds to predict the fundamental limits of electronics in future consumer devices, solar cells, and AI chips. He estimates we are “many orders of magnitude away” from the physical limits of both speed and energy efficiency in our electronics. Today’s computers are at least a thousand times slower than they could be, Lindenberg tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu . Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Aaron Lindenberg Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Aaron Lindenberg, a professor of Material Science & Photon Science at Stanford University. (00:03:26) Path into Materials Science How a biology problem inspired Lindenberg’s interest in atomic-scale dynamics. (00:05:34) What Materials Scientists Study Understanding how atoms, electrons, and ions create useful material properties. (00:06:44) Seeing Atoms in Motion How X-ray scattering and diffraction reveal atomic structure and dynamics. (00:08:59) Femtosecond Timescales Why ultra-fast measurements are needed to capture atomic motion. (00:10:25) Making Atomic Movies How researchers use snapshots to study materials as they change. (00:13:08) Speed Limits in Materials What determines how fast a material can switch between states. (00:15:32) Faster and More Efficient Devices Why electronics still have room to improve in speed and energy use. (00:17:43) The Energy Cost of Switching How fundamental energy limits shape future computing devices. (00:19:10) Speed, Energy, and Reliability The trade-offs that govern how materials perform in real devices. (00:21:29) Solar Cells at the Atomic Scale How materials convert light into electricity inside a solar cell. (00:23:40) Capturing Energy Before It Becomes Heat Why ultra-fast dynamics matter for improving solar cell efficiency. (00:26:13) Randomness in Materials How stochastic atomic motion affects material performance. (00:28:20) Measuring Dynamic Complexity Why nanoscale materials do not behave the same way every time. (00:30:26) AI for Materials Research How AI helps in Lindenberg's research (00:32:56) Future In a Minute Rapid-fire Q&A: science, collaboration, and future materials. (00:36:13) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Commencement season is here and, as many students are closing one chapter and stepping into the next, it's a nice moment to ask: what did learning really look like for these students, and how might it change for the next generation? With those questions in mind, we’re re-releasing a conversation with Computer Science Professor Chris Piech on the future of computer-aided education. Chris studies how computers can and will help students learn. His message isn't that teachers are obsolete — far from it. He shares that the future of education certainly involves AI, but that we must never lose the human element. Whether you're a new grad, a lifelong learner, or an educator wondering what's coming next, this one is well worth another listen. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu . Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Chris Piech Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Chris Piech, a professor of computer science from Stanford University. (00:01:44) Teaching People to Code What programming is and why learning to code can be challenging. (00:02:54) Motivation in Learning Why joy and motivation are central challenges in education. (00:03:54) Recent Learners as Teachers How near-peer teachers helped scale a Stanford coding course to thousands (00:07:10) AI and Computer Programming How generative AI is changing coding for students and professionals. (00:09:24) The Joy of Programming How AI tools can expand what learners are able to create. (00:12:41) Experiments with Teaching What experiments reveal about one-on-one teaching & AI support. (00:14:39) Rethinking Assessment The value Piech sees in computational assessment. (00:16:38) Fairness in Grading Why AI grading raises questions about bias, context, and real-world use. (00:20:59) Feedback & Assessment How computers can evaluate creative and less structured assignments. (00:22:21) Dream Grader A system that interacts with student projects to understand and assess them. (00:25:30) Beyond the Classroom How assessment tools can also support medical testing. (00:26:52) Measuring Vision More Precisely Using adaptive testing to improve eye exams and track subtle changes. (00:27:57) Generative Grading What is generative grading and how can it actually function and be useful? (00:29:44) Teachers and AI Together Why the future of grading may depend on combining teacher insight with AI support. (00:31:33) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Food security expert David Lobell is immersed in the data of agriculture. He uses satellite imagery, yield data, and advanced computational modeling to analyze the roughly 500 million farms worldwide to increase productivity and ensure global food security – now and in the future. Though food is often taken for granted, feeding a hungry world is our greatest environmental challenge, he says. Lobell goes on to explain how data can do much more than increase yields – it also cuts costs, prevents conflicts, reduces emissions and deforestation, and improves nutrition. Smart farming is key to food security and avoiding the problems that stem from hunger, Lobell tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu . Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: David Lobell Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest David Lobell, a professor of Earth System Science at Stanford University (00:03:01) Path into Food Security How Lobell’s interest in math and the environment led him to agriculture. (00:04:31) Understanding Farming Systems How farming differs across smallholder and large-scale operations. (00:06:13) Agriculture’s Biggest Challenges Improving productivity in developing regions & reducing agriculture’s environmental impact. (00:08:15) Farm Potential How researchers estimate potential outputs & the barriers to better outcomes (00:11:03) Using Satellites to Study Farms How satellites help researchers understand what is happening in agriculture internationally. (00:16:13) What Satellites Can Measure Tracking crops, planting dates, harvest timing, yields, and management practices. (00:18:23) Identifying Crops from Space How seasonal patterns, biomass, and reflectance help distinguish crops. (00:20:01) Why Food Matters How food security connects to political stability, conflict, climate, and the environment. (00:23:58) Cover Crops and Tradeoffs Why a promising sustainability practice can sometimes reduce productivity. (00:26:06) Crop Rotation Insights How different rotations affect yields depending on local conditions. (00:27:35) Personalized Farming The importance of balancing large data with local information and implementation (00:31:47) Future In a Minute Rapid-fire Q&A: smarter farming, food access, and the future. (00:33:01) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Fungi are “nature’s biological recycling machines,” says guest Vayu Hill-Maini , a former chef turned bioengineer. That is, they take waste and turn it into good things. Hill-Maini now melds his scientific and culinary skills to create new foods, but also medicines, faux leather, pigments and other valuable products from mushrooms and molds. He uses CRISPR gene editing technology to “domesticate” these fungi – removing off-flavors and increasing nutritional content to make new-age cheeses, burgers, salami, and more. “We call it the DBTL cycle – design, build, taste, learn,” Hill-Maini tells host Russ Altman about his creative process on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu . Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Vayu Hill-Maini Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Vayu Hill-Maini, a professor of bioengineering at Stanford University. (00:03:33) From Chef to Bioengineer How Hill-Maini’s culinary background led him to study food through science. (00:05:23) Building a Lab with a Kitchen Why his Stanford lab combines bioengineering research with culinary experimentation. (00:07:32) What Are Fungi? A primer on yeasts, molds, mushrooms, and their role in food and medicine. (00:10:22) Domesticating Fungi How humans have shaped fungi over thousands of years. (00:14:23) Mushrooms as a Food Source The nutrients, proteins, vitamins, and beneficial molecules found in fungi. (00:16:21) Fungi as Biological Recyclers Using fungi to turn food waste, agricultural waste, and other materials into useful products. (00:18:22) Making Waste-Based Foods Desirable Why taste, emotion, and culinary design matter for sustainable foods. (00:20:22) Engineering Delicious Fungi Using genetics and CRISPR to improve flavor, nutrition, and usability. (00:22:50) Gentle Genetic Tweaks Making small changes to reduce off-flavors or enhance useful traits. (00:23:46) Design, Build, Taste, Learn How the lab moves between kitchen and bench science to improve foods. (00:24:06) Chefs in the Lab How culinary collaborators help guide research and creativity. (00:28:58) Fungi-Based Materials The potential to create textiles, leather alternatives, and building materials. (00:31:03) Future In a Minute Rapid-fire Q&A: sustainability, students, and the promise of fungi. (00:33:25) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In the dotcom era, communication professor Angèle Christin embedded herself in newsrooms, where she witnessed how audience metrics tilted journalism toward viral content over in-depth reporting. Christin now researches the influencer economy and how content creators monetize their production by any of three means – brand sponsorships, engagement-based payments from social media platforms, and direct-to-audience subscriptions, donations, or sales. She says this engagement-based ecosystem steers communication toward what captures attention, not always what best informs. To improve our reeling national dialogue, we must first change the financial model of social media content, Christin tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu . Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Angèle Christin Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Angèle Christin, a professor of sociology at Stanford University. (00:02:28) From Journalism to Social Media How Angèle’s research moved from journalism to influencers. (00:03:23) Journalism’s Digital Disruption How platforms and advertising shifts changed the news industry. (00:06:16) Metrics in Newsrooms Why journalists began tracking clicks, traffic, and audience behavior. (00:09:01) Redefining Success The tension between editorial quality and online popularity. (00:14:08) Unbundling Media How digital platforms changed the way audiences consume news. (00:15:29) The Pull of Virality Why going viral can be both rewarding and distorting. (00:16:22) The Creator Economy How influencers emerged as a new media ecosystem. (00:19:09) Studying Influencers Online How Christin researched creators during the pandemic. (00:23:59) The Passion Principle Why many creators begin by sharing expertise or personal experience. (00:25:44) Influencer Revenue Models The three main ways creators make money online, and the pitfalls of each model (00:33:59) Rethinking Monetization The case for subscriptions, donations, and direct support. (00:35:09) Future In a Minute Rapid-fire Q&A: incentives, social media, and research. (00:36:23) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Earlier this year, we got to witness the incredible launch and return of Artemis II, a NASA mission meant to lay the groundwork for a future lunar landing. Among the many accomplishments of the Artemis II mission, the crew successfully gathered real-time observations of the Moon that will contribute to our increased understanding of the cosmos. If you were inspired the same way we were, we thought it would be an opportune time to re-share an episode we recorded with astrophysicist Risa Wechsler on the future of the universe. We hope you’ll take another listen and that this episode will help you tap into more of that wonder the Artemis II crew sparked. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu . Episode Reference Links: Stanford Profile: Risa Wechsler Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Chapters: (00:00:00) Introduction Russ Altman introduces guest Risa Wechsler, a professor of astrophysics from Stanford University. (00:01:30) Big Questions About the Universe What the universe is made of, how it evolved, and how galaxies formed. (00:02:15) Mapping the Universe New surveys and telescopes enabling more detailed cosmic maps. (00:04:22) What Is a “Map” of the Universe? 2D images, 3D structure, and looking back in time through light. (00:05:48) Spectroscopy & Redshift How astronomers measure distance and motion using light. (00:08:41) Our Place in the Universe Why there is no clear center or edge in the observable universe. (00:10:54) A Clumpy Universe How small early fluctuations led to galaxies and large-scale structure. (00:12:06) How Galaxies Form The role of dark matter and gas in building galaxies over time. (00:14:35) Types of Galaxies Why galaxies vary in size, structure, and environment. (00:17:06) Gravity Across Scales How the same laws govern everything from planets to galaxies. (00:19:02) What Is the Universe Made Of? The invisible matter shaping galaxies and cosmic structure. (00:22:03) Using Maps to Study the Unknown How large-scale surveys reveal dark matter and energy effects. (00:24:43) The Milky Way as a Laboratory Studying nearby galaxies to understand fundamental physics. (00:26:48) Diversity in Galaxy Formation How different histories shape galaxies. (00:28:02) Reading Cosmic History Using observations to reconstruct galaxy evolution. (00:28:50) Observing Nearby Galaxies Why distance matters for studying full galactic systems. (00:29:17) Conclusion Connect With Us: Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything Website Connect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / Mastodon Connect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.